{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:04:08Z","timestamp":1789707848016,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is a metabolic bone disease driven by estrogen deficiency and a major contributor to fragility fractures, yet long-term use of current antiresorptive and anabolic agents remains constrained by tolerability and adherence. Plant-derived bioactive compounds\u2014including flavonoids, isoflavones, curcuminoids, and stilbenes\u2014show bone-protective activity in ovariectomized (OVX) models but share common delivery barriers: poor aqueous solubility, low oral bioavailability, rapid metabolic clearance, and limited skeletal targeting. Conventional nanonization improves systemic pharmacokinetics but cannot by itself address the spatial heterogeneity of skeletal target sites. This review focuses on surface-engineered phytochemical nanomedicines, in which mineral-affinity, cell-affinity, and pathology-responsive modules are introduced at the carrier interface to enhance bone-associated distribution, local retention, and microenvironment-responsive release. Organized around nanocarrier platforms, it summarizes cross-platform surface\/interfacial engineering strategies and discusses how whole-body, ex vivo, and bone-section imaging can be combined with quantitative exposure assessment, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), bone turnover markers, and histology to characterize carrier- or probe-associated distribution, spatial localization, and therapeutic performance, respectively. It then considers translational issues, including formulation reproducibility, ligand-density effects, model relevance, and long-term safety. The review aims to provide a framework for surface-engineered phytochemical strategies and a reference approach for multimodal, imaging-based evaluation of therapeutic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:58:59Z","timestamp":1789545539000},"page":"1163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surface-Engineered Phytochemical Nanomedicines for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Skeletal Targeting, Imaging-Supported Evaluation, and Therapeutic Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaorong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianshi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuqi","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-022-06454-3","article-title":"Global, regional prevalence, and risk factors of osteoporosis according to the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e027049","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027049","article-title":"Real-world persistence and adherence with oral bisphosphonates for osteoporosis: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Fatoye","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-020-05557-z","article-title":"The osteoporosis treatment gap in patients at risk of fracture in European primary care: A multi-country cross-sectional observational study","volume":"32","author":"McCloskey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-022-06473-0","article-title":"The imminent risk of a fracture-existing worldwide data: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4732-1","article-title":"Risk of subsequent fracture after prior fracture among older women","volume":"30","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4705","article-title":"Multiple Vertebral Fractures After Denosumab Discontinuation: FREEDOM and FREEDOM Extension Trials Additional Post Hoc Analyses","volume":"37","author":"Cosman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res. Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A.R., Lee, Y.H., Bat-Ulzii, A., Chatterjee, S., Bhattacharya, M., Chakraborty, C., and Lee, S.S. (2023). Bioactivity, Molecular Mechanism, and Targeted Delivery of Flavonoids for Bone Loss. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040919"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrone, P., De Rosa, C., and D\u2019Angelo, S. (2025). Polyphenols and Bone Health: A Comprehensive Review of Their Role in Osteoporosis Prevention and Treatment. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30214154"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, X., Xing, H., Chao, M., Xie, P., and Jiang, L. (2025). Gut Microbiota Modulation in Osteoporosis: Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Natural Compounds. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15050301"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, C., Zhang, G., Shen, Z., Han, W., Fan, R., Ren, J., Zhang, J., Hao, Y., and Xin, J. (2025). Pharmacological mechanism of natural products to treat osteoporosis: A focus on the autophagy. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1623990"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., and Wang, L. (2025). The Mediating Role of Bioactive Molecules in Gut Microbiota-Bone Metabolism Crosstalk. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213421"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97217-7","article-title":"Naringin promotes osteoblast differentiation and ameliorates osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K. (2024). The potential therapeutic role of curcumin in osteoporosis treatment: Based on multiple signaling pathways. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1446536"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbi, G., Nobile, V., Conti, V., Cannavo, A., Sorrenti, V., Medoro, A., Scapagnini, G., and Davinelli, S. (2023). Equol and Resveratrol Improve Bone Turnover Biomarkers in Postmenopausal Women: A Clinical Trial. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512063"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116422","article-title":"Icariin ameliorates osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats by targeting Cullin 3\/Nrf2\/OH pathway for osteoclast inhibition","volume":"173","author":"Si","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother. Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112341","article-title":"Quercetin ameliorates bone loss in OVX rats by modulating the intestinal flora-SCFAs-inflammatory signaling axis","volume":"136","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916525","article-title":"Atypical Femur Fracture Risk versus Fragility Fracture Prevention with Bisphosphonates","volume":"383","author":"Black","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103095","article-title":"Factors driving the inter-individual variability in the metabolism and bioavailability of (poly)phenolic metabolites: A systematic review of human studies","volume":"71","author":"Favari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, L., Luo, Y., Yang, J., and Cheng, C. (2025). Botanical Flavonoids: Efficacy, Absorption, Metabolism and Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology for Improving Bioavailability. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30051184"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertoncini-Silva, C., Vlad, A., Ricciarelli, R., Giacomo Fassini, P., Suen, V.M.M., and Zingg, J.M. (2024). Enhancing the Bioavailability and Bioactivity of Curcumin for Disease Prevention and Treatment. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13030331"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1927244","article-title":"Enhancement of oral bioavailability of quercetin by metabolic inhibitory nanosuspensions compared to conventional nanosuspensions","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2024.04.005","article-title":"Preparation of Puerarin Long Circulating Liposomes and its Effect on Osteoporosis in Castrated Rats","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2024.116631","article-title":"Comparisons of the bioavailability of icariin, icariside II, and epimedin C in rats after oral administration of total flavonoids of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. and its three formulations","volume":"255","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2024.112968","article-title":"Facile fabrication of phosphazene-quercetin-alendronate composites as pH-responsive bone-targeted nanomedicine for osteoporosis treatment","volume":"241","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114495","article-title":"Self-assembled water soluble and bone-targeting phosphorylated quercetin ameliorates postmenopausal osteoporosis in ovariectomy mice","volume":"249","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2025.2602599","article-title":"Development of icariin-loaded bone-targeting liposomes and its anti-osteoporosis effects and mechanism","volume":"36","author":"Sheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rbaf028","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbaf028","article-title":"An acid-responsive bone-targeting nanoplatform loaded with curcumin balances osteogenic and osteoclastic functions","volume":"12","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10831","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S524695","article-title":"Phytochemicals in Bone Therapy: Exploring Natural Alternatives for Bone Health","volume":"20","author":"Abdelnabi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-024-00356-2","article-title":"Bone targeted nano-drug and nano-delivery","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7869","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S519945","article-title":"Advances in Functionalized Nanoparticles for Osteoporosis Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S444347","article-title":"Bone Targeting Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Osteoporosis","volume":"19","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1670","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae973","article-title":"Generic Diagramming Platform (GDP): A comprehensive database of high-quality biomedical graphics","volume":"53","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/174078","article-title":"Icariin ameliorates osteoporosis by activating autophagy in ovariectomized rats","volume":"33","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med. Off. Organ Wroc. Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"55","article-title":"Puerarin specifically disrupts osteoclast activation via blocking integrin-\u03b23 Pyk2\/Src\/Cbl signaling pathway","volume":"33","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"6016874","article-title":"Effect of Naringin Treatment on Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Rats: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"2021","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. eCAM"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravetti, S., Garro, A.G., Gait\u00e1n, A., Murature, M., Galiano, M., Brignone, S.G., and Palma, S.D. (2023). Naringin: Nanotechnological Strategies for Potential Pharmaceutical Applications. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030863"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.17305\/bb.2024.10500","article-title":"Puerarin alleviates osteoporosis in rats by targeting the JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13591","article-title":"Naringin promotes osteogenesis and ameliorates osteoporosis development by targeting JAK2\/STAT3 signalling","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30087","article-title":"Quercetin and vitamin E alleviate ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis by modulating autophagy and apoptosis in rat bone cells","volume":"236","author":"Vakili","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102636","article-title":"Nanoparticles coated with osteoblast-like cell membranes as curcumin delivery vehicles for targeted postmenopausal osteoporosis therapy","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112575","article-title":"A pharmacokinetic study and critical reappraisal of curcumin formulations enhancing bioavailability","volume":"28","author":"Kroon","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-023-01416-z","article-title":"Resveratrol prevents ovariectomy-induced bone quality deterioration by improving the microarchitectural and biophysicochemical properties of bone","volume":"41","author":"Ozturk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17370","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203227","article-title":"Baicalein ameliorates osteoporosis via AKT\/FOXO1 signaling","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2024.112388","article-title":"Bone action of the phytoestrogen genistein under hypoestrogenism and obesity","volume":"594","author":"Cepeda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-026-01496-9","article-title":"Local Delivery of Genistein in Peri-Implant Defects Enhances Osseointegration in Ovariectomized Rats","volume":"117","author":"Duarte","year":"2026","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.111074","article-title":"Kaempferol promotes BMSC osteogenic differentiation and improves osteoporosis by downregulating miR-10a-3p and upregulating CXCL12","volume":"520","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.07.046","article-title":"A bone-targeting delivery system carrying osteogenic phytomolecule icaritin prevents osteoporosis in mice","volume":"182","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2025.115291","article-title":"Construction of hyperbranched polyglycerol-based curcumin prodrug via phenol-yne click reaction for pH-responsive and bone-targeted osteoporosis therapy","volume":"261","author":"Luo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.10.002","article-title":"Alendronate-functionalized polymeric micelles target icaritin to bone for mitigating osteoporosis in a rat model","volume":"376","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2022.2086942","article-title":"Alendronate modified mPEG-PLGA nano-micelle drug delivery system loaded with astragaloside has anti-osteoporotic effect in rats","volume":"29","author":"Xi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2022.03.014","article-title":"Myricetin Loaded Nano-micelles Delivery System Reduces Bone Loss Induced by Ovariectomy in Rats Through Inhibition of Osteoclast Formation","volume":"111","author":"Xi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"23","article-title":"Peptide modified geniposidic acid targets bone and effectively promotes osteogenesis","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5c01910","article-title":"An Apigenin-Based Bone-Targeted System Enhances Antioxidant Capacity of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells via the PI3K\/Akt Pathway to Alleviate Osteoporosis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100688","article-title":"Novel one-pot strategy for fabrication of a pH-Responsive bone-targeted drug self-frame delivery system for treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-025-00576-8","article-title":"Bone-targeted celastrol nanocarrier suppresses osteoclastogenesis in postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Sci. Food"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2025.2503499","article-title":"Investigating the osteogenic potential of bone-targeted daidzein loaded hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for postmenopausal osteoporosis: Pharmacodynamic, biochemical, and genotoxicity evaluations","volume":"33","author":"Gautam","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97613","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA17141A","article-title":"Quercetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles improve osteoprotective activity in an ovariectomized rat model: A preventive strategy for post-menopausal osteoporosis","volume":"6","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gera, S., Sampathi, S., Maddukuri, S., Dodoala, S., Junnuthula, V., and Dyawanapelly, S. (2022). Therapeutic Potential of Naringenin Nanosuspension: In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Osteoporotic Studies. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071449"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5154","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c00029","article-title":"Bone-Targeted Supramolecular Nanoagonist Assembled by Accurate Ratiometric Herbal-Derived Therapeutics for Osteoporosis Reversal","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7839","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S213724","article-title":"Nobiletin-loaded micelles reduce ovariectomy-induced bone loss by suppressing osteoclastogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talarico, L., Consumi, M., Leone, G., Tamasi, G., and Magnani, A. (2021). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Produced via a Coacervation Method as Promising Carriers for Controlled Release of Quercetin. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092694"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranjbar, S., Emamjomeh, A., Sharifi, F., Zarepour, A., Aghaabbasi, K., Dehshahri, A., Sepahvand, A.M., Zarrabi, A., Beyzaei, H., and Zahedi, M.M. (2023). Lipid-Based Delivery Systems for Flavonoids and Flavonolignans: Liposomes, Nanoemulsions, and Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071944"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2023.2230528","article-title":"Studies of a novel bone-targeted nano drug delivery system with a HAP core-PSI coating structure for tanshinol injection","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-025-01968-9","article-title":"Image-guided in vivo evaluation and comparison of bone-targeting peptides for therapeutic intervention","volume":"16","author":"Stellpflug","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7983","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S462514","article-title":"Alendronate Functionalized Bone-Targeting Pomolic Acid Liposomes Restore Bone Homeostasis for Osteoporosis Treatment","volume":"19","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140884","article-title":"Chitosan-based bone-targeted nanoparticles delivery of cyclolinopeptide J for the synergistic treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"304","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.11.056","article-title":"Bone-targeted delivery of senolytics to eliminate senescent cells increases bone formation in senile osteoporosis","volume":"157","author":"Xing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.102079","article-title":"Co-encapsulation of combinatorial flavonoids in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles for improved anti-osteoporotic activity in ovariectomized rats","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, M., Abdelnabi, H.A., and Mohsin, S. (2024). Harnessing the Potential of PLGA Nanoparticles for Enhanced Bone Regeneration. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16020273"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Que, Y., Yang, Y., Zafar, H., and Wang, D. (2022). Tetracycline-grafted mPEG-PLGA micelles for bone-targeting and osteoporotic improvement. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.993095"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2026.115449","article-title":"Bone-targeted acid-responsive polyphosphazene-based resveratrol self-framed delivery system with superior efficacy for osteoporosis treatment in ovariectomized mice","volume":"262","author":"Zhong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02412-9","article-title":"Smart osteoclasts targeted nanomedicine based on amorphous CaCO3 for effective osteoporosis reversal","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.3c00794","article-title":"Deep Learning-Predicted Dihydroartemisinin Rescues Osteoporosis by Maintaining Mesenchymal Stem Cell Stemness through Activating Histone 3 Lys 9 Acetylation","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.07.067","article-title":"Injectable mesoporous bioactive nanoparticles regenerate bone tissue under osteoporosis conditions","volume":"151","author":"Arcos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gisbert-Garzar\u00e1n, M., Manzano, M., and Vallet-Reg\u00ed, M. (2020). Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Complex Bone Diseases: Bone Cancer, Bone Infection and Osteoporosis. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12010083"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2020.102196","article-title":"Rhein-PEG-nHA conjugate as a bone targeted drug delivery vehicle for enhanced cancer chemoradiotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"530","article-title":"Bone Regeneration Enhanced by Quercetin-Capped Selenium Nanoparticles via miR206\/Connexin43, WNT, and BMP signaling pathways","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6c00007","article-title":"Dual Chemical Regulations for Combined Anti-Resorption and Osteo-Anabolism to Reverse Osteoporosis","volume":"26","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2303494","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202303494","article-title":"Bone-Targeted Biomimetic Nanogels Re-Establish Osteoblast\/Osteoclast Balance to Treat Postmenopausal Osteoporosis","volume":"20","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.95423","article-title":"Osteoblast-specific down-regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome by aptamer-functionalized liposome nanoparticles improves bone quality in postmenopausal osteoporosis rats","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.12.017","article-title":"Synthetic nanoparticles functionalized with cell membrane-mimicking, bone-targeting, and ROS-controlled release agents for osteoporosis treatment","volume":"378","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2025.114149","article-title":"Self-assembly of phosphorylated dihydromyricetin as a carrier-free bone targeting nanomedicine with enhanced efficacy for osteoporosis treatment","volume":"255","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2025.121551","article-title":"Simple one-step synthesis of phosphorylated curcumin as carrier-free bone-targeted nanomedicine: An advanced therapeutic strategy against osteoporosis","volume":"234","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124457","article-title":"Enhancing osteoporosis treatment using a targeted, sustained-release drug delivery system based on macrocyclic amphiphile","volume":"661","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11577","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S485581","article-title":"Chlorogenic Acid-Cucurbit[n]uril Nanocomplex Delivery System: Synthesis and Evaluations for Potential Applications in Osteoporosis Medication","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5522","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.72211","article-title":"Knockout and Double Knockout of Cathepsin K and Mmp9 reveals a novel function of Cathepsin K as a regulator of osteoclast gene expression and bone homeostasis","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2307595","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202307595","article-title":"Breaking Osteoclast-Acid Vicious Cycle to Rescue Osteoporosis via an Acid Responsive Organic Framework-Based Neutralizing and Gene Editing Platform","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1","article-title":"Designed bone-targeting ROS-responsive nanoplatform for precision glycolysis inhibition in postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"58","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2022.110288","article-title":"Optimizing the modification density of acid oligopeptides to enhance the bone-targeting activity of liposomes","volume":"247","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-022-00294-2","article-title":"P800SO3-PEG: A renal clearable bone-targeted fluorophore for theranostic imaging","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.149468","article-title":"High resolution osteoclast-targeted imaging-guided osteoporosis alleviation via persistent luminescence nanocomposite","volume":"484","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"4697","article-title":"Bone-targeted pH-responsive cerium nanoparticles for anabolic therapy in osteoporosis","volume":"6","author":"Dou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"89","article-title":"Ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis: A practical guide","volume":"19","author":"Yousefzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Yu, X., Yao, Q., and Qin, J. (2022). Early effects of ovariectomy on bone microstructure, bone turnover markers and mechanical properties in rats. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05265-1"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14539","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c01489","article-title":"Phytosterols Protect against Osteoporosis by Regulating Gut Microbiota","volume":"71","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Sebastian, S., Huang, J., Corbascio, T., Engellau, J., Lidgren, L., T\u00e4gil, M., and Raina, D.B. (2022). Longitudinal in vivo biodistribution of nano and micro sized hydroxyapatite particles implanted in a bone defect. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1076320"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111700","article-title":"Anti-osteoporotic effects and good biocompatibility of novel bioactive carbon quantum dots in vitro and in ovariectomized mice","volume":"28","author":"Juma","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42001-2","article-title":"Bone disease imaging through the near-infrared-II window","volume":"14","author":"Mi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c01022","article-title":"Advancing Bone-Targeted Drug Delivery: Leveraging Biological Factors and Nanoparticle Designs to Improve Therapeutic Efficacy","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-022-01208-4","article-title":"Regulatory safety evaluation of nanomedical products: Key issues to refine","volume":"12","author":"Geertsma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19810","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c04037","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Nanoparticle Distribution in Tumors and Major Organs in Tumor-Bearing Mice","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2502315","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202502315","article-title":"Nanoparticle Therapeutics in Clinical Perspective: Classification, Marketed Products, and Regulatory Landscape","volume":"21","author":"Desai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00918D","article-title":"Toxicity of metal-organic framework nanoparticles: From essential analyses to potential applications","volume":"51","author":"Ettlinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5925","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB01044A","article-title":"Biocompatibility and biodegradability of metal organic frameworks for biomedical applications","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-024-01467-3","article-title":"Effects of isoflavone interventions on bone turnover markers and factors regulating bone metabolism in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Inpan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-025-00640-5","article-title":"A Review of the Clinical and Epidemiologic Evidence Relevant to the Impact of Postdiagnosis Isoflavone Intake on Breast Cancer Outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Messina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolesnikova, O.A., Shikvin, D.A., Antonova, A.O., Iureva, A.M., Komedchikova, E.N., Obozina, A.S., Kachan, V.S., Svetlakova, A.V., Kukushkin, I.D., and Shipunova, V.O. (2025). Nanoparticle Detection in Biology and Medicine: A Review. Biosensors, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15120809"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2024.09.005","article-title":"Current state of nanomedicine drug products: An industry perspective","volume":"113","author":"Clogston","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44678-x","article-title":"A uniform data processing pipeline enables harmonized nanoparticle protein corona analysis across proteomics core facilities","volume":"15","author":"Gharibi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9874","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c02076","article-title":"Standardizing Protein Corona Characterization in Nanomedicine: A Multicenter Study to Enhance Reproducibility and Data Homogeneity","volume":"24","author":"Ashkarran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, K., Su, J., Ma, H., and Zhu, Y. (2026). Microfluidic Fabrication of Alendronate-Modified Lipid Nanoparticles for Bone-Targeted mRNA Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040509"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-024-01646-2","article-title":"Toward an international standardisation roadmap for nanomedicine","volume":"14","author":"Caputo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2026.100611","article-title":"Sample preparation now (2025) and then: Lessons from 13 years of nanomaterial regulatory safety testing","volume":"41","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2026","journal-title":"NanoImpact"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c01148","article-title":"Investigating the Role of Amino Acids in Short Peptides for Hydroxyapatite Binding and Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Aid Bone Regeneration","volume":"25","author":"Halder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakubu, J., and Pandey, A.V. (2024). Innovative Delivery Systems for Curcumin: Exploring Nanosized and Conventional Formulations. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16050637"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.01.047","article-title":"Facilitating the translation of nanomedicines to a clinical product: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"23","author":"Agrahari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong Hoang, J., Ott, M., Samaridou, E., Beck-Broichsitter, M., and Simon, J. (2026). Industrial Perspective on the Manufacturing of Lipid Nanoparticles for Nucleic Acid Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040489"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.52637","article-title":"2024 Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and Healthy Bones Australia guideline for osteoporosis management and fracture prevention in postmenopausal women and men over 50 years of age","volume":"222","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1982","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1982","article-title":"Manipulation of protein corona for nanomedicines","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"26024","article-title":"Mass Spectrometry-Based Top-Down Proteomics in Nanomedicine: Proteoform-Specific Measurement of Protein Corona","volume":"18","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saifi, Z., Shafi, S., Ralli, T., Jain, S., Vohora, D., Mir, S.R., Alhalmi, A., Noman, O.M., Alahdab, A., and Amin, S. (2023). Enhancing Osteoporosis Treatment through Targeted Nanoparticle Delivery of Risedronate: In Vivo Evaluation and Bioavailability Enhancement. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15092339"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000605251391597","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605251391597","article-title":"In and outside the spotlight: Nanomedicine in the treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"53","author":"Qu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanga-Farca\u0219, A., Miere Groza, F., Filip, G.A., Clichici, S., Fritea, L., Vica\u0219, L.G., Marian, E., Pallag, A., Jurca, T., and Filip, S.M. (2023). Phytochemical Compounds Involved in the Bone Regeneration Process and Their Innovative Administration: A Systematic Review. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202304.0484.v1"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rbag065","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbag065","article-title":"Advanced bone-targeted nanomaterials for the systemic treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"13","author":"Fan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-023-00138-1","article-title":"Controlling the biodistribution and clearance of nanomedicines","volume":"2","author":"Cabral","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-024-04118-1","article-title":"Comprehensive insights into mechanism of nanotoxicity, assessment methods and regulatory challenges of nanomedicines","volume":"19","author":"Havelikar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.144400","article-title":"Mitigating Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Toxicity for Biomedical Applications","volume":"471","author":"Haponiuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100327","article-title":"Effect of Soy Isoflavones on Measures of Estrogenicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"16","author":"Viscardi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intharuksa, A., Arunotayanun, W., Na Takuathung, M., Chaichit, S., Prasansuklab, A., Chaikhong, K., Sirichanchuen, B., Chupradit, S., and Koonrungsesomboon, N. (2025). Daidzein and Genistein: Natural Phytoestrogens with Potential Applications in Hormone Replacement Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146973"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-022-01262-y","article-title":"Nanomedicines and nanocarriers in clinical trials: Surfing through regulatory requirements and physico-chemical critical quality attributes","volume":"13","author":"Dri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2024.12.010","article-title":"Targeted delivery of liposomal senolytics to alleviate cellular senescence-induced bone loss","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fundam. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, X., Du, X., Han, H., Liu, F., Zheng, Z., Hao, J., Liu, L., Liu, S., Wei, Z., and Huang, C. (2025). Intravenous Administration of sRNA Nanoparticles for Treatment of Osteoporosis in Mice. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17060789"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41364","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA06586K","article-title":"Nanoparticles in the treatment of osteoporosis: Recent advances in nanoparticles for the treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/9\/1163\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1789705622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/9\/1163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18091163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]}}}