{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:03:57Z","timestamp":1789981437441,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N41A661139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41A661139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["N41A661139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41A661139"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018wfhg78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF)","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/000025p04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/000025p04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Prednisolone conventional tablet is a drug commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the long-term use of high doses of prednisolone can lead to gastric irritation, risk of infection, and other systemic complications. These limitations of the drug can be overcome by using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology with pH-dependent approaches. Objectives: This study aimed to develop 3D-printed devices containing prednisolone tablets and gel with an enteric coating for colon-targeted modified release. Methods: 3D-printed drug-containing devices (CDDs) were designed and divided into two classifications, including devices for prednisolone tablets (PTDs) and devices for prednisolone gel (PGDs). CDDs were fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM). The morphology of the CDDs was assessed using a microscope. The tablets and gel of prednisolone were loaded into CDDs depending on the type of device, and the CDDs were coated by Eudragit\u00ae S100. In vitro drug release studies were investigated using dissolution apparatus II in simulated gastric medium (pH 1.2) for 2 h, simulated intestinal medium (pH 6.8) for 2 h, and simulated colonic medium (pH 7.4) for 20 h. Results: The prednisolone-loaded CDDs with enteric coating were protected from drug release before reaching the colon. The dissolution profile of prednisolone from CDDs showed no drug release in the simulated gastric and simulated intestinal medium, with drug release initiated under simulated colonic medium and sustained release maintained for up to 24 h. Conclusions: These findings showed that CDDs have potential for delivering prednisolone to the colon with controlled drug release under simulated in vitro gastrointestinal conditions. Furthermore, these CDDs could be adapted for other drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1789977827000},"page":"1185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Innovative 3D-Printed Devices with Modified Prednisolone Release for Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3866-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dareena","family":"Jaiseri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4664-0276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supusson","family":"Pengnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4878-2529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Praneet","family":"Opanasopit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3879-0936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theerada","family":"Taesotikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Boonnada","family":"Pamornpathomkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6540-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaiyakarn","family":"Pornpitchanarong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6944-9514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phuvamin","family":"Suriyaamporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Theerasak","family":"Rojanarata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Teeratas","family":"Kansom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2419-1676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thapakorn","family":"Charoenying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2022.10.017","article-title":"Corticosteroids in inflammatory bowel disease: Are they still a therapeutic option?","volume":"46","author":"Quera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.224154","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults","volume":"60","author":"Mowat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx009","article-title":"Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. Part 2: Current management","volume":"11","author":"Harbord","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp18X699341","article-title":"Using corticosteroids appropriately in inflammatory bowel disease: A guide for primary care","volume":"68","author":"Barrett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khadka, S., Druffner, S.R., Duncan, B.C., and Busada, J.T. (2023). Glucocorticoid regulation of cancer development and progression. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1161768"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20768","article-title":"Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid OralDosage Forms: Prednisolone","volume":"96","author":"Vogt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(01)00532-6","article-title":"Colon-specific delivery of prednisolone-appended \u03b1-cyclodextrin conjugate: Alleviation of systemic side effect after oral administration","volume":"79","author":"Yano","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"100943","article-title":"Design strategies, advances and future perspectives of colon-targeted delivery systems for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03479-8","article-title":"Advanced oral drug delivery systems for gastrointestinal targeted delivery: The design principles and foundations","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-015-0350-9","article-title":"Colon-targeted oral drug delivery systems: Design trends and approaches","volume":"16","author":"Amidon","year":"2015","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2010.24","article-title":"Colon targeted drug delivery systems: A review on primary and novel approaches","volume":"25","author":"Philip","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gvozdeva, Y., and Staynova, R. (2025). pH-Dependent Drug Delivery Systems for Ulcerative Colitis Treatment. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020226"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teruel, A.H., Gonzalez-Alvarez, I., Bermejo, M., Merino, V., Marcos, M.D., Sancenon, F., Gonzalez-Alvarez, M., and Martinez-Ma\u00f1ez, R. (2020). New insights of oral colonic drug delivery systems for inflammatory bowel disease therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186502"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sintl.2022.100177","article-title":"3D printing in the pharmaceutical sector: Advances and evidences","volume":"3","author":"Varghese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122480","article-title":"3D printing: Innovative solutions for patients and pharmaceutical industry","volume":"631","author":"Tracy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2018.02.006","article-title":"3D printing pharmaceuticals: Drug development to frontline care","volume":"39","author":"Trenfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.10.056","article-title":"Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), the new asset for the production of tailored medicines","volume":"330","author":"Cailleaux","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqahtani, A.A., Mohammed, A.A., Fatima, F., and Ahmed, M.M. (2023). Fused Deposition Modelling 3D-Printed Gastro-Retentive Floating Device for Propranolol Hcl Tablets. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15173554"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.09.044","article-title":"Fused-filament 3D printing (3DP) for fabrication of tablets","volume":"476","author":"Goyanes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-018-2454-x","article-title":"3D printing in pharmaceutical and medical applications\u2013recent achievements and challenges","volume":"35","author":"Szafraniec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.859.258","article-title":"Effects of thermal crosslinking on the properties and release profiles of three-dimensional (3D)-printed poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) tablets","volume":"859","author":"Chareonying","year":"2020","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.859.289","article-title":"Fabrication of a floating device of domperidone tablets using 3D-printing technologies","volume":"859","author":"Singpanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.03.015","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges of three-dimensional printing technology in pharmaceutical formulation development","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-021-02053-3","article-title":"Design and Optimization of 3D-Printed Gastroretentive Floating Devices by Central Composite Design","volume":"22","author":"Charoenying","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.101393","article-title":"Fabrication of floating capsule-in- 3D-printed devices as gastro-retentive delivery systems of amoxicillin","volume":"55","author":"Charoenying","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2014.11.009","article-title":"Fabrication of extended-release patient-tailored prednisolone tablets via fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing","volume":"68","author":"Skowyra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125391","article-title":"FDM 3D-printed oral dosage form of prednisolone\u2014Improvement of printability and influencing drug release","volume":"673","author":"Kons","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.09.050","article-title":"Adaptation of pharmaceutical excipients to FDM 3D printing for the fabrication of patient-tailored immediate release tablets","volume":"513","author":"Sadia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"83","article-title":"Optimization and Validation of Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Prednisolone in Chitosan Nanoparticles","volume":"51","author":"Nasereddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hunan Univ. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onano.2025.100272","article-title":"Dual mechanistic approach utilizing pH- and time- responsive bromelain laden polymeric nanoparticles for colon cancer management","volume":"27","author":"Sharma","year":"2026","journal-title":"OpenNano"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b16-00878","article-title":"3D printing factors important for the fabrication of polyvinylalcohol filament-based tablets","volume":"40","author":"Tagami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104506","article-title":"Development of a novel tablet-shaped floating 3D-printed device with adjustable floating time as floating drug delivery systems provided zero-order release kinetics","volume":"84","author":"Charoenying","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105555","article-title":"Three-dimensional (3D)-printed devices composed of hydrophilic cap and hydrophobic body for improving buoyancy and gastric retention of domperidone tablets","volume":"155","author":"Charoenying","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.111526","article-title":"Development and evaluation of diltiazem hydrochloride controlled-release pellets by fluid bed coating process","volume":"4","author":"Prasad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2018.07.027","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of coated capsules for colonic delivery","volume":"47","author":"Handali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10839","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.6b07349","article-title":"New Melting Data of the Two Polymorphs of Prednisolone","volume":"120","author":"Corvis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(00)00649-9","article-title":"A novel pH-and time-based multi-unit potential colonic drug delivery system. I. Development","volume":"213","author":"Gupta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2025.101126","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive smart materials for biomedical applications","volume":"167","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18990","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202518990","article-title":"4D-Printed Sandwich-Structured Metamaterial Intestinal Stents for Palliative Tumor Therapy","volume":"38","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.03.057","article-title":"Defined drug release from 3D-printed composite tablets consisting of drug-loaded polyvinylalcohol and a water-soluble or water-insoluble polymer filler","volume":"543","author":"Tagami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e2023063","article-title":"Fabrication of Novel Floating 3D-Printed Devices with Adjustable Releasing Channels for Controlled Release","volume":"22","author":"Charoenying","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Life Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4028\/p-fgf5qq","article-title":"Development of floating 3D-printed devices for carvedilol tablet","volume":"914","author":"Chareonying","year":"2022","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.11.022","article-title":"Channelled tablets: An innovative approach to accelerating drug release from 3D printed tablets","volume":"269","author":"Sadia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua, S. (2020). Advances in Oral Drug Delivery for Regional Targeting in the Gastrointestinal Tract\u2014Influence of Physiological, Pathophysiological and Pharmaceutical Factors. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00524"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1021\/ja02086a003","article-title":"The rate of solution of solid substances in their own solutions","volume":"19","author":"Noyes","year":"1897","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0987(01)00095-1","article-title":"Modeling and comparison of dissolution profiles","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Momin, M.M., Kane, S., and Abhang, P. (2015). Formulation and evaluation of bilayer tablet for bimodal release of venlafaxine hydrochloride. Front. Pharmacol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00144"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/03639040500519300","article-title":"Development of near zero-order release dosage forms using three-dimensional printing (3-DP\u2122) technology","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojcik-Pastuszka, D., Krzak, J., Macikowski, B., Berkowski, R., Osi\u0144ski, B., and Musia\u0142, W. (2019). Evaluation of the Release Kinetics of a Pharmacologically Active Substance from Model Intra-Articular Implants Replacing the Cruciate Ligaments of the Knee. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12081202"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22875","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA04728H","article-title":"Biodegradable Gg-cl-poly(NIPAm-co-AA)\/-o-MWCNT based hydrogel for combined drug delivery system of metformin and sodium diclofenac: In vitro studies","volume":"13","author":"Dave","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(97)00402-X","article-title":"Mechanism of sustained drug release in diffusion-controlled polymer matrix-application of percolation theory","volume":"170","author":"Xu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.10.037","article-title":"Elaborations on the Higuchi model for drug delivery","volume":"418","author":"Paul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(84)90130-3","article-title":"Bi-exponential first-order release kinetics of indomethacin from tablets containing polysorbate 80","volume":"19","author":"Laakso","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, G.G.Z., Liu, L., and Porter, W.R. (2009). Chapter 21\u2014Development of Modified-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms. Developing Solid Oral Dosage Forms, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53242-8.00021-7"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/pharmacia.71.e133399","article-title":"Novel propranolol-loaded gastro-floating 3D-printed devices with zero-order release kinetics","volume":"71","author":"Jaiseri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacia"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/9\/1185\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:14:28Z","timestamp":1789978468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/9\/1185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18091185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091185","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]}}}