{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:03:57Z","timestamp":1789981437468,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation","award":["RGNS 64-127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGNS 64-127"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cqd2v24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["RGNS 64-127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGNS 64-127"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cqd2v24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Global and Frontier Research University Fund","award":["R2566C053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2566C053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives:\u00a0Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. stem extract (DSE) is used in Thailand for musculoskeletal pain, but its bioactive, lupalbigenin, has limited aqueous solubility. This study aimed to develop a DSE-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (DSE-SNEDDS), characterized its nanoemulsions, and compared their anti-inflammatory activity and stability. Methods: Various extraction methods were compared to obtain a high yield of lupalbigenin. A D-optimal design was used to optimize SNEDDS composition based on the apparent solubility of lupalbigenin. The selected preconcentrate was diluted fivefold to prepare DSE nanoemulsion (DSE-NE). Droplet characteristics, RAW 264.7 cell viability, LPS-induced nitric oxide production, and 12-week stability at 4, 25, and 40 \u00b0C were assessed. Results: Ultrasound-assisted extraction gave the highest lupalbigenin content (108.69 \u00b1 0.12 \u00b5g\/mg DSE). The selected formulation contained 20% Lexol\u00ae GT-865, 40% Kolliphor RH40, 30% Transcutol, and 10% ethanol. Fivefold dilution produced DSE-NE with a droplet size of 172.5 \u00b1 0.3 nm and polydispersity index of 0.31 \u00b1 0.01. Its IC50 was 4735 \u00b5g\/mL formulation (94.70 \u00b5g\/mL DSE equivalent), compared with 31.57 \u00b5g\/mL for DSE in DMSO. At 40 \u00b5g\/mL DSE equivalent, DSE-NE and DSE in DMSO inhibited nitric oxide production by 78.79 \u00b1 2.31% and 50.78 \u00b1 2.95%, respectively; matched blank NE produced 36.53 \u00b1 6.45% inhibition. During storage, the preconcentrate retained 95\u201396% of lupalbigenin and generated nanoemulsions with minimal size changes, whereas preformed DSE-NE retained 81\u201387% and showed greater droplet growth. Conclusions: These results support the selection of the preconcentrate as the preferred storage form for further topical formulation development. However, skin delivery, dermal safety, and topical efficacy remain to be established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1789977827000},"page":"1188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and Optimization of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems to Enhance the Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy of Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9069-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nattakanwadee","family":"Khumpirapang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kantapich","family":"Srikham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thapakorn","family":"Somboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9552-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krit","family":"Suknuntha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5886-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Gru\u013eov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Pre\u0161ov, 08001 Pre\u0161ov, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7476-7288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neti","family":"Waranuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kornkanok","family":"Ingkaninan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-5017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siriporn","family":"Okonogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215142","article-title":"The World-Wide Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases: A Systematic Analysis of the World Health Organization Burden of Diseases Database","volume":"78","author":"Sebbag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. 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