{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:05:07Z","timestamp":1789981507630,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":352,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an extremely complex metabolic disorder, with many factors contributing to persistent hyperglycaemia, redox dysregulation, and micro- and macrovascular damage over time. There is growing evidence that oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms of \u03b2-cell damage, insulin resistance, and consequent tissue damage, pointing to the need for therapies to modulate metabolic and redox responses. The extensive nature of quinones has revealed that they can be potential dual-acting redox-active compounds that may have antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Objectives: This review aims to evaluate quinones from a pharmaceutical perspective, considering the chemical diversity and structure\u2013activity relationships, the physicochemical parameters pertinent to drug development, and the mechanisms of action in terms of glucose homeostasis, insulin signalling, mitochondrial protection, and glycoxidative damage. Methods: Narrative review of the evidence from medicinal chemistry, experimental pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, formulation research, and clinical studies of the potential role of quinones in diabetes and its complications. The paper addresses the relationship between chemical structure and biological activity, redox-dependent mechanisms of action, tissue-protective actions, challenges associated with delivery, toxicity, and recent approaches to formulation. Results: Quinones influence several processes implicated in diabetes, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, pancreatic \u03b2-cell injury, insulin signalling impairment, AGE-RAGE activation, and chronic inflammation. Currently, CoQ10 has the strongest evidence in humans, while thymoquinone (TQ), pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), anthraquinones, and mitochondria-targeted derivatives have mainly cellular and animal studies to support them. Low solubility, variable systemic exposure, rapid metabolism, and the potential for pro-oxidant effects at high concentrations continue to hamper therapeutic development of these compounds. Conclusions: Future research scopes will rely on rational derivatisation, precision delivery technologies, and clinically validated safety frameworks to translate redox pharmacology into effective therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1789977827000},"page":"1191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Translational Pharmaceutical Perspectives on Quinones as Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Agents in Diabetes and Its Complications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9942-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishnendu","family":"Adhikary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Paramedical College Durgapur, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India"},{"name":"Research and Development Cell, Lovely Professional University, Pharwara 144411, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2077-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thirtsha Shohani","family":"Godwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Jaffna, Jaffna 40000, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8975-4703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adsaya","family":"Karunanithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Jaffna, Jaffna 40000, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1143-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riya","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Dr. B. C. Roy Academy of Professional Courses, Fuljhore, Durgapur 713206, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8467-0498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Abubakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali 844102, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0325-4730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayoni","family":"Nag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Brainware University, Barasat, Kolkata 700125, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5043-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saurav","family":"Barman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Gajapati 761211, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4743-2102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilanjana","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Gajapati 761211, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6714-408X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajkumar","family":"Maiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura 722101, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, C., Cao, B., Fang, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, S., Luo, W., and Wu, Y. 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