{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T13:05:26Z","timestamp":1773407126439,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,20]],"date-time":"2010-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1284940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Application of oral fast release amantadine and levodopa may induce an improvement of motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). The objective of this trial was to investigate the clinical efficacy of a fast release amantadine sulfate formulation on simple and complex movement performance and putative relations to the pharmacokinetic behavior in PD patients. We challenged two cohorts of 12 PD patients, who were taken off their regular antiparkinsonian treatment for at least 12 hours, with oral 300 mg amantadine sulfate. We scored motor symptoms and performed instrumental tasks, which ask for performance of simple or complex motion series under cued conditions. Motor symptoms and performance of complex movements significantly improved in contrast to the carrying-out of simple motions. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid antagonistic and dopaminomimetic amantadine also influences altered higher predominant prefrontal cognitive functions. Therefore, performance of complex motion series improved, whereas carrying-out of simple repetitive movements is more associated to the striatal dopamine dependent basal ganglia function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics2030313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,14]],"date-time":"2011-01-14T15:36:17Z","timestamp":1295019377000},"page":"313-320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impact of Oral Fast Release Amantadine on Movement Performance in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Muhlack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"M\u00fcsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Konietzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Woitalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Horst","family":"Przuntek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.11.1383","article-title":"Amantadine for levodopa-induced dyskinesias: a 1-year follow-up study","volume":"56","author":"Metman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. 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Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-004-0071-z","article-title":"The biochemical bases of the placebo effect","volume":"10","author":"Stoessl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21897","article-title":"Placebo influences on dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease","volume":"23","author":"Goetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Movement Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhlack, S., Konietzka, S., Woitalla, D., Przuntek, H., and Muller, T. (2004). Simple movement sequences better correlate to levodopa plasma levels than complex ones. J. Neural Transm. Suppl., 53\u201360.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0579-5_6"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0522","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy and long-term reproducibility of brain activation associated with a simple finger tapping task in older healthy volunteers: a serial PET study","volume":"11","author":"Carey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.4.2.125","article-title":"Image processing for the study of brain structure and function: problems and programs","volume":"4","author":"Andreasen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatr. Clin. 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