{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:59:00Z","timestamp":1792533540393,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>AmpC enzymes are a class of beta-lactamases produced by Gram-negative bacteria, including several Enterobacterales. When produced in sufficient amounts, AmpCs can hydrolyze third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) and piperacillin\/tazobactam, causing resistance. In Enterobacterales, the AmpC gene can be chromosomal- or plasmid-encoded. Some species, particularly Enterobacter cloacae complex, Klebsiella aerogenes, and Citrobacter freundii, harbor an inducible chromosomal AmpC gene. The expression of this gene can be derepressed during treatment with a beta-lactam, leading to AmpC overproduction and the consequent emergence of resistance to 3GCs and piperacillin\/tazobactam during treatment. Because of this phenomenon, the use of carbapenems or cefepime is considered a safer option when treating these pathogens. However, many areas of uncertainty persist, including the risk of derepression related to each beta-lactam; the role of piperacillin\/tazobactam compared to cefepime; the best option for severe or difficult-to-treat cases, such as high-inoculum infections (e.g., ventilator-associated pneumonia and undrainable abscesses); the role of de-escalation once clinical stability is obtained; and the best treatment for species with a lower risk of derepression during treatment (e.g., Serratia marcescens and Morganella morganii). The aim of this review is to collate the most relevant information about the microbiological properties of and therapeutic approach to AmpC-producing Enterobacterales in order to inform daily clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy12050142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T03:36:38Z","timestamp":1727062598000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Antibiotic Treatment of Infections Caused by AmpC-Producing Enterobacterales"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gianpiero","family":"Tebano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Ravenna Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 48100 Ravenna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Zaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Galway, H91 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-3119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Cricca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiology, The Greater Romagna Area Hub Laboratory, 47522 Cesena, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8643-2565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Cristini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Forl\u00ec and Cesena Hospitals, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forl\u00ec and Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022). Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis. Lancet, 399, 629\u2013655."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.6.1211","article-title":"A Functional Classification Scheme for Beta-Lactamases and Its Correlation with Molecular Structure","volume":"39","author":"Bush","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz173","article-title":"A Primer on AmpC \u03b2-Lactamases: Necessary Knowledge for an Increasingly Multidrug-Resistant World","volume":"69","author":"Tamma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00079-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00079-17","article-title":"Treatment of Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-, AmpC-, and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"31","author":"Machuca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.12.026","article-title":"Pseudomonasaeruginosa Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles, Resistance Mechanisms and International Clonal Lineages: Update from ESGARS-ESCMID\/ISARPAE Group","volume":"30","author":"Oliver","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01076-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01076-18","article-title":"Past and Present Perspectives on \u03b2-Lactamases","volume":"62","author":"Bush","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1980.0049","article-title":"The Structure of Beta-Lactamases","volume":"289","author":"Ambler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01009-09","article-title":"Updated Functional Classification of Beta-Lactamases","volume":"54","author":"Bush","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philippon, A., Arlet, G., Labia, R., and Iorga, B.I. (2022). Class C \u03b2-Lactamases: Molecular Characteristics. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 35.","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00150-21"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa513","article-title":"Class D \u03b2-Lactamases","volume":"76","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70041-0","article-title":"Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: An Emerging Public-Health Concern","volume":"8","author":"Pitout","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00036-08","article-title":"AmpC \u03b2-Lactamases","volume":"22","author":"Jacoby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"677","article-title":"An Enzyme from Bacteria Able to Destroy Penicillin. 1940","volume":"10","author":"Abraham","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reuland, E.A., Halaby, T., Hays, J.P., de Jongh, D.M.C., Snetselaar, H.D.R., van Keulen, M., Elders, P.J.M., Savelkoul, P.H.M., Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C.M.J.E., and Al Naiemi, N. (2015). Plasmid-Mediated AmpC: Prevalence in Community-Acquired Isolates in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Risk Factors for Carriage. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113033"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12245","article-title":"Detection of AmpC \u03b2-Lactamases in Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.11.2200","article-title":"Novel Plasmid-Mediated Beta-Lactamase (MIR-1) Conferring Resistance to Oxyimino- and Alpha-Methoxy Beta-Lactams in Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella Pneumoniae","volume":"34","author":"Papanicolaou","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.1.1-11.2002","article-title":"Plasmid-Determined AmpC-Type Beta-Lactamases","volume":"46","author":"Philippon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.06.106","article-title":"Global Distribution and Current Research of AmpC Beta-Lactamase Genes in Aquatic Environments: A Systematic Review","volume":"252","author":"Coertze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw243","article-title":"Ceftazidime\/Avibactam and Ceftolozane\/Tazobactam: Second-Generation \u03b2-Lactam\/\u03b2-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations","volume":"63","author":"Duin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0159-8","article-title":"Interplay between \u03b2-Lactamases and New \u03b2-Lactamase Inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Bush","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: A clinical update","volume":"18","author":"Paterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.1.156","article-title":"Diverse Potential of Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors to Induce Class I Enzymes","volume":"34","author":"Weber","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7753","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01729-15","article-title":"Complex Regulation Pathways of AmpC-Mediated \u03b2-Lactam Resistance in Enterobacter Cloacae Complex","volume":"59","author":"Isnard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4620","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.14.4620","article-title":"Regulatory Components in Citrobacter Freundii ampC Beta-Lactamase Induction","volume":"82","author":"Lindberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01458-05","article-title":"Model System to Evaluate the Effect of ampD Mutations on AmpC-Mediated Beta-Lactam Resistance","volume":"50","author":"Schmidtke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.6.2955-2958.2005","article-title":"Gene Mutations Responsible for Overexpression of AmpC Beta-Lactamase in Some Clinical Isolates of Enterobacter Cloacae","volume":"43","author":"Kaneko","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01083-07","article-title":"Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance during Therapy for Infections Caused by Enterobacteriaceae Producing AmpC Beta-Lactamase: Implications for Antibiotic Use","volume":"52","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-8-585","article-title":"Enterobacter Bacteremia: Clinical Features and Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance during Therapy","volume":"115","author":"Chow","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.9.2628-2630.2001","article-title":"Risk Factors for Emergence of Resistance to Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporins among Enterobacter Spp.","volume":"45","author":"Kaye","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.5.1107","article-title":"The Relationship between Antecedent Antibiotic Use and Resistance to Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins in Group I Beta-Lactamase-Producing Organisms","volume":"21","author":"Jacobson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/35.6.765","article-title":"Activity of Cefepime against Ceftazidime-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli Using Low and High Inocula","volume":"35","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamma, P.D., Aitken, S.L., Bonomo, R.A., Mathers, A.J., van Duin, D., and Clancy, C.J. (2023). Infectious Diseases Society of America 2023 Guidance on the Treatment of Antimicrobial Resistant Gram-Negative Infections. Clin. Infect. Dis., ciad428.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad428"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(01)00278-4","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Cefoxitin Resistance in Escherichia Coli from the Toronto Area Hospitals","volume":"41","author":"Forward","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04704.x","article-title":"Inducible Cephalosporinase Production in Clinical Isolates of Enterobacter Cloacae Is Controlled by a Regulatory Gene That Has Been Deleted from Escherichia Coli","volume":"5","author":"Nicolas","year":"1986","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00091-11","article-title":"Detection of AmpC Beta-Lactamase in Escherichia Coli: Comparison of Three Phenotypic Confirmation Assays and Genetic Analysis","volume":"49","author":"Polsfuss","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2004.02.003","article-title":"Evolution of the Serine Beta-Lactamases: Past, Present and Future","volume":"7","author":"Hall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4168","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.4168-4171.2005","article-title":"Evaluation of Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors in Disk Tests for Detection of Plasmid-Mediated AmpC Beta-Lactamases in Well-Characterized Clinical Strains of Klebsiella Spp.","volume":"43","author":"Black","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0000000000000255","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Reporting and Treatment Selection for AmpC-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: What Do Microbiologists and Infectious Disease Practitioners Actually Practice?","volume":"47","author":"Harris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky084","article-title":"Species-Specific Mutation Rates for ampC Derepression in Enterobacterales with Chromosomally Encoded Inducible AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase","volume":"73","author":"Kohlmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.10.022","article-title":"Characterisation and Clinical Features of Enterobacter Cloacae Bloodstream Infections Occurring at a Tertiary Care University Hospital in Switzerland: Is Cefepime Adequate Therapy?","volume":"41","author":"Hilty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.10.015","article-title":"Infections Caused by Naturally AmpC-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: Can We Use Third-Generation Cephalosporins? A Narrative Review","volume":"55","author":"Mizrahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.3.962-967.2006","article-title":"Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Three New Variants of AmpC Beta-Lactamases from Morganella Morganii","volume":"50","author":"Power","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01291-9","article-title":"AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales: What a Clinician Should Know","volume":"47","author":"Meini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.9.2013","article-title":"Penicillin-Binding Proteins and Induction of AmpC Beta-Lactamase","volume":"41","author":"Sanders","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.5.1289","article-title":"Differences in the Resistant Variants of Enterobacter Cloacae Selected by Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins","volume":"40","author":"Gradelski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"31","article-title":"Antibacterial in Vitro Activity of Fourth Generation Cephalosporins","volume":"8","author":"Hancock","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab387","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab387","article-title":"Meropenem Versus Piperacillin-Tazobactam for Definitive Treatment of Bloodstream Infections Caused by AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacter Spp, Citrobacter Freundii, Morganella Morganii, Providencia Spp, or Serratia Marcescens: A Pilot Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial (MERINO-2)","volume":"8","author":"Stewart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70950-8","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactam and \u03b2-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations in the Treatment of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae: Time for a Reappraisal in the Era of Few Antibiotic Options?","volume":"15","author":"Harris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.105860","article-title":"Outcomes of Treating AmpC-Producing Enterobacterales Bacteraemia with Carbapenems vs. Non-Carbapenems","volume":"55","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7558","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01477-15","article-title":"Cefepime Therapy for Monomicrobial Enterobacter Cloacae Bacteremia: Unfavorable Outcomes in Patients Infected by Cefepime-Susceptible Dose-Dependent Isolates","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn155","article-title":"Effect of Antimicrobial Therapy on Mortality in 377 Episodes of Enterobacter Spp. Bacteraemia","volume":"62","author":"Marcos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaubey, V.P., Pitout, J.D.D., Dalton, B., Gregson, D.B., Ross, T., and Laupland, K.B. (2014). Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics of Bloodstream Infections Due to AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae: An Active Surveillance Cohort in a Large Centralized Canadian Region. BMC Infect. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0647-4"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.11.002","article-title":"Risk Factors and Treatment Outcomes of Bloodstream Infection Caused by Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Enterobacter Species in Adults with Cancer","volume":"78","author":"Huh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2222-8","article-title":"Clinical Manifestations and Prognostic Factors of Morganella Morganii Bacteremia","volume":"34","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00002-19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-19","article-title":"Enterobacter spp.: Update on Taxonomy, Clinical Aspects, and Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"32","author":"Lavigne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu182","article-title":"Cefepime vs Other Antibacterial Agents for the Treatment of Enterobacter Species Bacteremia","volume":"58","author":"Siedner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.681694","article-title":"Treatment Outcomes in Patients with Third-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant Enterobacter Bacteremia","volume":"44","author":"Daniels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad034","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad034","article-title":"High-Dose Cefepime vs Carbapenems for Bacteremia Caused by Enterobacterales with Moderate to High Risk of Clinically Significant AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase Production","volume":"10","author":"Lucas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.09.009","article-title":"Risk Factors and Outcome of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacter Cloacae Bloodstream Infections","volume":"37","author":"Qureshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.11.025","article-title":"Treatment Outcomes in Infections Caused by \u201cSPICE\u201d (Serratia, Pseudomonas, Indole-Positive Proteus, Citrobacter, and Enterobacter) Organisms: Carbapenem versus Noncarbapenem Regimens","volume":"39","author":"Moy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2017.08.010","article-title":"Clinical Manifestations, Risk Factors and Prognosis of Patients with Morganella Morganii Sepsis","volume":"52","author":"Erlanger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noguchi, T., Matsumura, Y., Yamamoto, M., Nagao, M., Takakura, S., and Ichiyama, S. (2017). Clinical and Microbiologic Characteristics of Cefotaxime-Non-Susceptible Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia: A Case Control Study. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2150-6"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz248","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz248","article-title":"Beta-Lactam\/Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor Therapy for Potential AmpC-Producing Organisms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2014.954262","article-title":"Clinical Comparison of Ertapenem and Cefepime for Treatment of Infections Caused by AmpC Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"46","author":"Blanchette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106809","article-title":"Effectiveness of Third-Generation Cephalosporins or Piperacillin Compared with Cefepime or Carbapenems for Severe Infections Caused by Wild-Type AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales: A Multi-Centre Retrospective Propensity-Weighted Study","volume":"62","author":"Maillard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv346","article-title":"Carbapenems versus Alternative Antibiotics for the Treatment of Bloodstream Infections Caused by Enterobacter, Citrobacter or Serratia Species: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"71","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.025","article-title":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Guidelines for the Treatment of Infections Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli (Endorsed by European Society of Intensive Care Medicine)","volume":"28","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01868.x","article-title":"Parenteral Carbapenems","volume":"14","author":"Shah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit395","article-title":"The Use of Cefepime for Treating AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"57","author":"Tamma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1vila-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, M., Lima, O., Sousa, A., Represa, M., Rubi\u00f1\u00e1n, P., Celestino, P., Garrido-Vent\u00edn, M., Garc\u00eda-Formoso, L., Vasallo-Vidal, F., and Martinez-Lamas, L. (2023). Carbapenem Alternatives for Treatment of Bloodstream Infections Due to AmpC Producing Enterobacterales. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-023-00624-9"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.10.2831-2837.2001","article-title":"Activity of Ertapenem (MK-0826) versus Enterobacteriaceae with Potent Beta-Lactamases","volume":"45","author":"Livermore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2006.11.020","article-title":"Ertapenem Resistance among Klebsiella and Enterobacter Submitted in the UK to a Reference Laboratory","volume":"29","author":"Woodford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00675-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00675-18","article-title":"In Vitro Activity of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam against Enterobacter Cloacae Complex Clinical Isolates with Different \u03b2-Lactam Resistance Phenotypes","volume":"62","author":"Robin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3186-x","article-title":"Ceftriaxone Promotes the Emergence of AmpC-Overproducing Enterobacteriaceae in Gut Microbiota from Hospitalized Patients","volume":"37","author":"Goulenok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2019.11.005","article-title":"Piperacillin-Tazobactam Should Be Preferred to Third-Generation Cephalosporins to Treat Wild-Type Inducible AmpC-Producing Enterobacterales in Critically Ill Patients with Hospital or Ventilator-Acquired Pneumonia","volume":"56","author":"Bardonneau","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapozhnikov, J., Huang, A., Zeeck, K., and Gibble, A. (2021). Comparison of Outcomes in Urinary Tract Infections Caused by AmpC-Harboring Organisms Treated with AmpC Stable versus AmpC Susceptible Agents. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 101.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115472"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-022-01079-5","article-title":"Clinical Outcome of Wild-Type AmpC-Producing Enterobacterales Infection in Critically Ill Patients Treated with \u03b2-Lactams: A Prospective Multicenter Study","volume":"12","author":"Mounier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2024, January 08). European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters. Version 14.0. Available online: https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/clinical_breakpoints."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"CLSI M100 (2024, January 08). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 33rd Edition. Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/ast-2023\/."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.07.004","article-title":"Cefepime vs Carbapenems for Treating Third-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase-Hyperproducing Enterobacterales Bloodstream Infections: A Multicenter Retrospective Study","volume":"134","author":"Hoellinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/29.suppl_A.1","article-title":"Factors Involved in the Enhanced Efficacy against Gram-Negative Bacteria of Fourth Generation Cephalosporins","volume":"29","author":"Hancock","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1086\/516917","article-title":"Rapid Emergence of Resistance to Cefepime during Treatment","volume":"25","author":"Limaye","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"(2023, September 25). European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: MIC and Zone Diameter Distributions and ECOFFs. Available online: https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/mic_and_zone_distributions_and_ecoffs."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad175","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad175","article-title":"The Frequency of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase Genes Harbored by Enterobacterales Isolates at High Risk for Clinically Significant Chromosomal ampC Expression","volume":"10","author":"Hareza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii2","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky027","article-title":"Treatment of Infections Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: Report of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy\/Healthcare Infection Society\/British Infection Association Joint Working Party","volume":"73","author":"Hawkey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.12.2854","article-title":"Prevalence of Outer Membrane Porin Alteration in Beta-Lactam-Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacter Aerogenes","volume":"40","author":"Charrel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-023-04715-5","article-title":"Cefepime versus Carbapenems for Treatment of AmpC Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales Bloodstream Infections","volume":"43","author":"Herrmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00198-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00198-20","article-title":"Structural Basis of Reduced Susceptibility to Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Cefiderocol in Enterobacter Cloacae Due to AmpC R2 Loop Deletion","volume":"64","author":"Kawai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr423","article-title":"Genetic Characterization of an Extended-Spectrum AmpC Cephalosporinase with Hydrolysing Activity against Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins in a Clinical Isolate of Enterobacter Aerogenes Selected in Vivo","volume":"67","author":"Briales","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.3.716-720.2004","article-title":"Resistance to Cefepime and Cefpirome Due to a 4-Amino-Acid Deletion in the Chromosome-Encoded AmpC Beta-Lactamase of a Serratia Marcescens Clinical Isolate","volume":"48","author":"Mammeri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac271","article-title":"Cefepime-Induced Neurotoxicity: Systematic Review","volume":"77","author":"Maan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.20583","article-title":"Cefepime vs Piperacillin-Tazobactam in Adults Hospitalized with Acute Infection: The ACORN Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"330","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2744","article-title":"Use of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring to Characterize Cefepime-Related Neurotoxicity","volume":"43","author":"Venugopalan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00276-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00276-17","article-title":"Piperacillin-Tazobactam versus Other Antibacterial Agents for Treatment of Bloodstream Infections Due to AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"61","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.03.013","article-title":"Elaboration of a Consensual Definition of De-Escalation Allowing a Ranking of \u03b2-Lactams","volume":"21","author":"Weiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.03.046","article-title":"A Large-Scale Multicenter Retrospective Study on Nephrotoxicity Associated with Empiric Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"164","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028018757497","article-title":"Comparison of the Nephrotoxicity of Vancomycin in Combination with Cefepime, Meropenem, or Piperacillin\/Tazobactam: A Prospective, Multicenter Study","volume":"52","author":"Mullins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.10.018","article-title":"Vancomycin with Concomitant Piperacillin\/Tazobactam vs. Cefepime or Meropenem Associated Acute Kidney Injury in the Critically Ill: A Multicenter Propensity Score-Matched Study","volume":"67","author":"Buckley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02089-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02089-16","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity during Vancomycin Therapy in Combination with Piperacillin-Tazobactam or Cefepime","volume":"61","author":"Rutter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105887","article-title":"In Vitro Activity of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam against Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Causing Urinary, Intra-Abdominal and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Intensive Care Units in Portugal: The STEP Multicenter Study","volume":"55","author":"Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00115-20","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00115-20","article-title":"New \u03b2-Lactam-\u03b2-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations","volume":"34","author":"Yahav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golden, A.R., Adam, H.J., Baxter, M., Walkty, A., Lagac\u00e9-Wiens, P., Karlowsky, J.A., and Zhanel, G.G. (2020). In Vitro Activity of Cefiderocol, a Novel Siderophore Cephalosporin, against Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated from Patients in Canadian Intensive Care Units. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 97.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115012"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02286-15","article-title":"Activity of Ceftazidime-Avibactam against Extended-Spectrum- and AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Collected in the INFORM Global Surveillance Study from 2012 to 2014","volume":"60","author":"Karlowsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01052-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01052-20","article-title":"Is Ceftazidime\/Avibactam an Option for Serious Infections Due to Extended-Spectrum-\u03b2-Lactamase- and AmpC-Producing Enterobacterales?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"65","author":"Isler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01173-15","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactamase Characterization of Gram-Negative Pathogens Recovered from Patients Enrolled in the Phase 2 Trials for Ceftazidime-Avibactam: Clinical Efficacies Analyzed against Subsets of Molecularly Characterized Isolates","volume":"60","author":"Mendes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa355","article-title":"Clinical Evolution of AmpC-Mediated Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Cefiderocol Resistance in Enterobacter Cloacae Complex Following Exposure to Cefepime","volume":"71","author":"Shields","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2017.1380357","article-title":"Pharmacological Properties of Oral Antibiotics for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections","volume":"29","author":"Novelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq257","article-title":"International Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis and Pyelonephritis in Women: A 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"52","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2018.03.005","article-title":"Practice Guidelines for the Management of Adult Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections","volume":"48","author":"Caron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13101","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis and Chronic Prostatitis\/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: A Consensus Guideline","volume":"116","author":"Rees","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.3627","article-title":"Effect of 5-Day Nitrofurantoin vs Single-Dose Fosfomycin on Clinical Resolution of Uncomplicated Lower Urinary Tract Infection in Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"319","author":"Huttner","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2024, July 12). EUCAST Guidance on Use of Fosfomycin i.v. Breakpoints. Available online: https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/fileadmin\/src\/media\/PDFs\/EUCAST_files\/Guidance_documents\/Use_of_fosfomycin_iv_breakpoints_General_advice_20240528.pdf."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab434","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab434","article-title":"Optimizing the Management of Uncomplicated Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infections: Consensus Guidance Using a Modified Delphi Process","volume":"8","author":"Heil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2352314","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.52314","article-title":"Early Switch From Intravenous to Oral Antibiotics for Patients with Uncomplicated Gram-Negative Bacteremia","volume":"7","author":"Benfield","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2349864","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.49864","article-title":"Transition to Oral Antibiotic Therapy for Hospitalized Adults with Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infections","volume":"7","author":"Engers","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad657","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad657","article-title":"Oral \u03b2-Lactams, Fluoroquinolones, or Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for Definitive Treatment of Uncomplicated Escherichia Coli or Klebsiella Species Bacteremia From a Urinary Tract Source","volume":"11","author":"Alzaidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00756-9","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of an Early Oral Switch in Low-Risk Staphylococcus Aureus Bloodstream Infection (SABATO): An International, Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Randomised, Controlled, Non-Inferiority Trial","volume":"24","author":"Kaasch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.6226","article-title":"Association of 30-Day Mortality with Oral Step-Down vs Continued Intravenous Therapy in Patients Hospitalized with Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia","volume":"179","author":"Tamma","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808312","article-title":"Partial Oral versus Intravenous Antibiotic Treatment of Endocarditis","volume":"380","author":"Iversen","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710926","article-title":"Oral versus Intravenous Antibiotics for Bone and Joint Infection","volume":"380","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz364","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz364","article-title":"Oral Fluoroquinolone or Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole vs. \u00df-Lactams as Step-Down Therapy for Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Punjabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0082623","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00826-23","article-title":"Leveraging Stewardship to Promote Ceftriaxone Use in Severe Infections with Low- and No-Risk AmpC Enterobacterales","volume":"67","author":"Hardy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad271","article-title":"The 2023 Duke-International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases Criteria for Infective Endocarditis: Updating the Modified Duke Criteria","volume":"77","author":"Fowler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3948","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad193","article-title":"2023 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Endocarditis","volume":"44","author":"Delgado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenz, A., Sobhanie, M.M.E., Orzel, L., Coe, K., and Wardlow, L. (2021). Clinical Outcomes of Combination versus Monotherapy for Gram Negative Non-HACEK Infective Endocarditis. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 101.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115504"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veve, M.P., McCurry, E.D., Cooksey, G.E., and Shorman, M.A. (2020). Epidemiology and Outcomes of Non-HACEK Infective Endocarditis in the Southeast United States. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230199"}],"container-title":["Pharmacy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2226-4787\/12\/5\/142\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:01:35Z","timestamp":1760112095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2226-4787\/12\/5\/142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmacy12050142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmacy12050142","relation":{},"ISSN":["2226-4787"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2226-4787","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]}}}