{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:12:13Z","timestamp":1791472333988,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica B\u00edblica"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly used to support critically ill adults with severe cardiac or respiratory failure, but ECMO circuits and the physiological disturbances of critical illness significantly alter drug pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), complicating dosing and monitoring. This narrative review synthesizes current clinical evidence on ECMO-related PK\/PD alterations and provides practical guidance for optimizing pharmacotherapy in adult intensive care. A structured literature search (January\u2013May 2025) was conducted across PubMed\/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Sage Journals, ScienceDirect, Taylor &amp; Francis Online, SpringerLink, and specialized databases, focusing on seven therapeutic classes commonly used in ECMO patients. Eligible studies included clinical trials, observational studies, systematic reviews, and practice guidelines in adults, while pediatric and preclinical data were excluded. Evidence quality varied substantially across drug classes. Hydrophilic, low-protein-bound agents such as \u03b2-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluconazole, and caspofungin generally showed minimal ECMO-specific PK alterations, with dose adjustment mainly driven by renal function. Conversely, lipophilic and highly protein-bound drugs including fentanyl, midazolam, propofol, voriconazole, and liposomal amphotericin B exhibited substantial circuit adsorption and variability, often requiring higher loading doses, prolonged infusions, and rigorous therapeutic drug monitoring. No ECMO-specific data were identified for certain neuromuscular blockers, antivirals, and electrolytes. Overall, individualized dosing guided by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), organ function, and validated PK principles remains essential to optimize therapy in this complex population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy13060151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:47:36Z","timestamp":1761266856000},"page":"151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Optimizing Drug Therapy in ECMO-Supported Critically Ill Adults: A Narrative Review and Clinical Guide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1594-519X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham","family":"Rocha-Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Cl\u00ednica B\u00edblica, San Jos\u00e9 1307-1000, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8367-7740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Miguel","family":"Chaverri-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501-2060, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fianesy","family":"Chaves-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Calder\u00f3n Guardia Hospital, San Jos\u00e9 494-1000, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3726-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban","family":"Zavaleta-Monestel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Department, Cl\u00ednica B\u00edblica, San Jos\u00e9 1307-1000, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004843","article-title":"The Story of ECMO","volume":"140","author":"Bartlett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00726.2021","article-title":"Extracorporeal circulation impairs microcirculation perfusion and organ function","volume":"132","author":"Govender","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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