{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:28:38Z","timestamp":1777408118362,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated long-term trends in the prevalence of use of atypical and typical antipsychotic drugs (APDs), both as classes of drugs and as individual drugs, among adult inpatients in the United States (US). The Health Facts\u00ae database developed by Cerner Corporation was used to analyze the prevalence of APD use among adult inpatients aged 18 years or older who were administered at least one antipsychotic medication order during hospitalization between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2016. The prevalence of APD use was standardized by age, sex, race, and census region. Typical and atypical antipsychotic treatment patterns in the US differed over this period. While the use of atypical APDs increased overall, the use of typical antipsychotic medications decreased, but remained more prevalent. Overall, haloperidol and prochlorperazine were the two most administered antipsychotic medications throughout the study period. From 2000 to 2011, prochlorperazine and haloperidol were the first- and second-most prescribed typical APDs, respectively; haloperidol became the most administered antipsychotic of this class as of 2012. Quetiapine was the most administered atypical antipsychotic medication, followed by risperidone and olanzapine until 2014, after which olanzapine was the second-most administered atypical APD. There was a notable decline in the use of atypical antipsychotics medications between 2005 and 2008, which may reflect the impact of the Food and Drug Administration\u2019s warnings and the American Diabetes Association\u2019s consensus position, but only for a short time. The usage patterns observed in this study support existing evidence of substantial off-label use of antipsychotic drugs in the US.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy14010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T08:14:23Z","timestamp":1769415263000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trends in Antipsychotic Drug Use in the United States, 2000\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2056-1425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisrine","family":"Haddad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0291-0270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawal","family":"Farhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada"},{"name":"Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7T1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Gravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"},{"name":"Data Literacy Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Momoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada"},{"name":"Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7T1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald R.","family":"Mattison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada"},{"name":"Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7T1, Canada"},{"name":"Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0965-883X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas","family":"McNair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7500-0644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdallah","family":"Alami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada"},{"name":"Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7T1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Krewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada"},{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"},{"name":"Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7T1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-050911-161504","article-title":"Update on typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs","volume":"64","author":"Meltzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. 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