{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:42:42Z","timestamp":1790091762074,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ontario Graduate Scholarship"},{"name":"Schwartz Reisman Institute for Technology and Society"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0488afy73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are being used in pharmacy practice in a variety of ways, such as enhancing the safety and efficiency of dispensing, compounding medications and helping pharmacists identify drug\u2013drug interactions. The further development and use of these innovative technologies will be necessary to ensure patients can continue to access high-quality care amidst a growing health human resource crisis. However, in the field of pharmacy practice, little is known about actual or potential risks these tools pose to patients. A scoping review was conducted to map these risks. A database search of Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Ebsco CINAHL, and Web of Science, and a grey literature search were conducted. Three major potential risks were described in the literature: inaccuracies associated with AI outputs, privacy and data security concerns, and risks associated with algorithmic bias. Despite these potential risks, there is still a large gap in the literature regarding the study of risks of AI in pharmacy practice. While characterizing all risks associated with this rapidly changing technology may be impossible, further exploration of risk, perhaps using novel approaches to understanding risk itself, is warranted if these technologies are to be adopted responsibly and used safely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy14050113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T08:04:59Z","timestamp":1785744299000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Risks to Patients Associated with Using Artificial Intelligence Tools in Pharmacy Practice: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1522-305X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracy","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3842-975X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minh-Hien","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Zlotnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Patodia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6055-2518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zubin","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2026, June 08). 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