{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:13:16Z","timestamp":1789035196736,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Community pharmacists play an increasingly important role in the care of transgender individuals receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). However, the content of structured pharmaceutical consultations tailored to this population has not yet been clearly defined. This systematic review aimed to identify therapeutic issues relevant to community pharmacy practice in order to inform the development of structured pharmaceutical consultations. A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 Statement. The review question was structured using the PICo framework, with transgender individuals as the population, treatment-related issues associated with GAHT as the phenomenon of interest, and community pharmacy practice as the context. Electronic searches of Medline, Google Scholar, and APA PsycINFO were performed on 17 July 2024. Studies involving transgender adolescents or adults receiving GAHT and reporting therapeutic effects, adverse events, monitoring requirements, or medication-related issues were eligible. Two reviewers independently screened the studies and extracted data using a standardized form. Owing to the heterogeneity of study designs, the findings were synthesized narratively according to therapeutic domains relevant to community pharmacy practice. Among 755 screened records, 116 articles met the inclusion criteria. Seven therapeutic domains relevant to pharmacist-led consultations were identified: cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects, dermatologic effects, gynecologic effects, musculoskeletal effects, biological and pharmacological effects, psychiatric effects, and other adverse effects or specific clinical situations. The evidence highlighted treatment-specific monitoring needs, medication-related risks, fertility and contraceptive considerations, laboratory monitoring requirements, drug\u2013drug interactions, and mental health outcomes. Community pharmacists may contribute to the monitoring and optimization of GAHT, adverse effect management, patient education, fertility and contraceptive counseling, pharmacovigilance, and interdisciplinary collaboration within the scope of their professional practice. These findings provide an evidence-informed basis for the future development of structured pharmaceutical consultations tailored to transgender individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy14060132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:13:03Z","timestamp":1789031583000},"page":"132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Therapeutic Issues Associated with Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy in Transgender Individuals: A Systematic Review Relevant to Community Pharmacy Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Mitoumba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et les Technologies Associ\u00e9es, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9867-0456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lo\u00efse","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et les Technologies Associ\u00e9es, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"CHU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Medjkane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Lille, Dispositif Transidentit\u00e9(s), Service de Psychiatrie de L\u2019enfant et de L\u2019adolescent, H\u00f4pital Fontan, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6557-8757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Gautier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Lille, Service de Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale, Centre R\u00e9gional de Pharmaco-Vigilance du Nord Pas de Calais, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8267-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertrand","family":"D\u00e9caudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et les Technologies Associ\u00e9es, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"CHU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1080\/26895269.2022.2100644","article-title":"Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8","volume":"23","author":"Coleman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Transgender Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp160322","article-title":"Incorporating a Pharmacist into an Interprofessional Team Providing Transgender Care under a Medical Home Model","volume":"74","author":"Newsome","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2020.12.015","article-title":"Pharmacists\u2019 Role in Transgender Healthcare: A Scoping Review","volume":"17","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2018.0038","article-title":"The Evolving Role of Pharmacists in Transgender Health Care","volume":"4","author":"Redfern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transgender Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2015.12.001","article-title":"Risk of Hormonotherapy in Transgender People: Literature Review and Data from the French Database of Pharmacovigilance","volume":"77","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12806","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Gender-Affirming Hormonal Therapy in Transgender Persons: Assessing Reports in the French Pharmacovigilance Database","volume":"36","author":"Yelehe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhary, S., Ray, R.A., and Glass, B.D. (2023). Answering the Call for Community Pharmacists to Improve Healthcare Delivery to Trans and Gender Diverse People: Guide for Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating an Online Education Program in Australia. Pharmacy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy12010007"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-2785","article-title":"Cross-Sex Hormones and Acute Cardiovascular Events in Transgender Persons: A Cohort Study","volume":"169","author":"Getahun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038584","article-title":"Occurrence of Acute Cardiovascular Events in Transgender Individuals Receiving Hormone Therapy","volume":"139","author":"Nota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwac133","article-title":"Cardiovascular Outcomes in Transgender Individuals in Sweden after Initiation of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy","volume":"29","author":"Karalexi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020023549","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-023549","article-title":"Thrombosis Risk in Transgender Adolescents Receiving Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy","volume":"147","author":"Mullins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2021.01.185","article-title":"Does Gender-Affirming Hormonal Treatment Affect 30-Year Cardiovascular Risk in Transgender Persons? A Two-Year Prospective European Study (ENIGI)","volume":"18","author":"Cocchetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02138","article-title":"Cardiometabolic Effects of Testosterone in Transmen and Estrogen Plus Cyproterone Acetate in Transwomen","volume":"104","author":"Paldino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"96","article-title":"Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection and Exogenous Estrogen in a Transgender Female","volume":"100","author":"Hirsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2022.07.024","article-title":"Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion Secondary to Hormone Replacement Therapy in a Transgender Woman","volume":"46","author":"Andzembe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14132","article-title":"Compromised Endothelial Function in Transgender Men Taking Testosterone","volume":"92","author":"Gulanski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.06.009","article-title":"Early Effects of Testosterone Initiation on Body Mass Index in Transmasculine Adolescents","volume":"65","author":"Sequeira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00935-x","article-title":"Weight Gain and Obesity Rates in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adults before and during Hormone Therapy","volume":"45","author":"Kyinn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.5347","article-title":"Incidence and Factors Associated With Acne Among Transgender Patients Receiving Masculinizing Hormone Therapy","volume":"157","author":"Thoreson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.5475","article-title":"Incidence and Factors Associated With Androgenetic Alopecia Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse Patients Treated With Masculinizing Hormone Therapy","volume":"157","author":"Thoreson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13164","article-title":"Excess Hair, Hair Removal Methods, and Barriers to Care in Gender Minority Patients: A Survey Study","volume":"19","author":"Marks","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.10.017","article-title":"Hair Regrowth in a Male Patient with Extensive Androgenetic Alopecia on Estrogen Therapy","volume":"67","author":"Adenuga","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2016.03.004","article-title":"Uterine and Ovarian Changes during Testosterone Administration in Young Female-to-Male Transsexuals","volume":"55","author":"Loverro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.11.008","article-title":"Endometrial Findings among Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People Using Testosterone at the Time of Gender-Affirming Hysterectomy","volume":"115","author":"Hawkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2021.05.010","article-title":"Endocrinological and Ovarian Histological Investigations in Assigned Female at Birth Transgender People Undergoing Testosterone Therapy","volume":"43","author":"Manau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex098","article-title":"Effects of Long-Term Exogenous Testosterone Administration on Ovarian Morphology, Determined by Transvaginal (3D) Ultrasound in Female-to-Male Transsexuals","volume":"32","author":"Caanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001486","article-title":"Prostatic Metaplasia of the Vagina and Uterine Cervix: An Androgen-Associated Glandular Lesion of Surface Squamous Epithelium","volume":"44","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0463","article-title":"Safety and Rapid Efficacy of Guideline-Based Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy: An Analysis of 388 Individuals Diagnosed with Gender Dysphoria","volume":"182","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.03.003","article-title":"Contraceptive Beliefs, Needs, and Care Experiences among Transgender and Nonbinary Young Adults","volume":"67","author":"Gomez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e782","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa841","article-title":"Sustained Breast Development and Breast Anthropometric Changes in 3 Years of Gender-Affirming Hormone Treatment","volume":"106","author":"Dijkman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12698","article-title":"Effects of Three Different Testosterone Formulations in Female-to-Male Transsexual Persons","volume":"11","author":"Pelusi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1187","article-title":"Bone Mass, Bone Geometry, and Body Composition in Female-to-Male Transsexual Persons after Long-Term Cross-Sex Hormonal Therapy","volume":"97","author":"Wierckx","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e805","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz247","article-title":"Muscle Strength, Size, and Composition Following 12 Months of Gender-Affirming Treatment in Transgender Individuals","volume":"105","author":"Wiik","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-118747","article-title":"Eighteen-Year Effect of Androgen Therapy on Bone Mineral Density in Trans(Gender) Men","volume":"50","author":"Broulik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13607","article-title":"Impact of Cross-Sex Hormone Therapy on Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition in Transwomen","volume":"88","author":"Fighera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190935","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190935","article-title":"Transwomen and Bone Mineral Density: A Cross-Sectional Study in Brazilian Population","volume":"93","author":"Chrisostomo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4252","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa604","article-title":"Bone Development in Transgender Adolescents Treated With GnRH Analogues and Subsequent Gender-Affirming Hormones","volume":"105","author":"Schagen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3805","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac349","article-title":"Transgender Girls Grow Tall: Adult Height Is Unaffected by GnRH Analogue and Estradiol Treatment","volume":"107","author":"Boogers","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02316","article-title":"Proandrogenic and Antiandrogenic Progestins in Transgender Youth: Differential Effects on Body Composition and Bone Metabolism","volume":"103","author":"Tack","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0609","article-title":"Variation in Sensitivity and Rate of Change in Body Composition: Steps toward Individualizing Transgender Care","volume":"183","author":"Nota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2018.292730","article-title":"Impact of Hormone Therapy on Laboratory Values in Transgender Patients","volume":"65","author":"SoRelle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfaa192","article-title":"Dynamic Impact of Hormone Therapy on Laboratory Values in Transgender Patients over Time","volume":"6","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab089","article-title":"Erythrocytosis in a Large Cohort of Trans Men Using Testosterone: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study on Prevalence, Determinants, and Exposure Years","volume":"106","author":"Madsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.02.003","article-title":"Antim\u00fcllerian Hormone Levels Decrease in Female-to-Male Transsexuals Using Testosterone as Cross-Sex Therapy","volume":"103","author":"Caanen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13050","article-title":"Cyproterone Acetate vs Leuprolide Acetate in Combination with Transdermal Oestradiol in Transwomen: A Comparison of Safety and Effectiveness","volume":"85","author":"Gava","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0370","article-title":"A Comparison of 5-Year Administration of Cyproterone Acetate or Leuprolide Acetate in Combination with Estradiol in Transwomen","volume":"183","author":"Gava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2020.0249","article-title":"Sublingual Estradiol Is Associated with Higher Estrone Concentrations than Transdermal or Injectable Preparations in Transgender Women and Gender Nonbinary Adults","volume":"8","author":"Cirrincione","year":"2021","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1061","article-title":"Effects of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy on Insulin Sensitivity and Incretin Responses in Transgender People","volume":"43","author":"Shadid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.08.002","article-title":"Testosterone Administration Increases Leukocyte-Endothelium Interactions and Inflammation in Transgender Men","volume":"115","author":"Iannantuoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2369","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa262","article-title":"Global Coagulation Assays in Transgender Women on Oral and Transdermal Estradiol Therapy","volume":"105","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25338","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25338","article-title":"Drug-Drug Interactions between Feminizing Hormone Therapy and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis among Transgender Women: The iFACT Study","volume":"22","author":"Hiransuthikul","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa038","article-title":"Drug-Drug Interactions Among Thai Transgender Women Living with Human Immunodeficiency Undergoing Feminizing Hormone Therapy and Antiretroviral Therapy: The iFACT Study","volume":"72","author":"Hiransuthikul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12999","article-title":"Sperm Quality in Transgender Women before or after Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy\u2014A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"Arver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12884","article-title":"Long-Term Effect of Gender-Affirming Hormone Treatment on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Transgender People: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"Aldridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foster Skewis, L., Bretherton, I., Leemaqz, S.Y., Zajac, J.D., and Cheung, A.S. (2021). Short-Term Effects of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy on Dysphoria and Quality of Life in Transgender Individuals: A Prospective Controlled Study. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.717766"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.02.051","article-title":"Levels of Depression in Transgender People and Its Predictors: Results of a Large Matched Control Study with Transgender People Accessing Clinical Services","volume":"235","author":"Witcomb","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2576","article-title":"Risk Factors for Eating Disorder Psychopathology within the Treatment Seeking Transgender Population: The Role of Cross-sex Hormone Treatment","volume":"26","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"302","article-title":"Well-Being and Suicidality among Transgender Youth after Gender-Affirming Hormones","volume":"7","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pract. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20191725","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1725","article-title":"Pubertal Suppression for Transgender Youth and Risk of Suicidal Ideation","volume":"145","author":"Turban","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.03.053","article-title":"The Effect of Testosterone Therapy on Personality Traits of Trans Men: A Controlled Prospective Study in Germany and Switzerland","volume":"276","author":"Metzger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037599","article-title":"Testosterone Treatment and MMPI\u20132 Improvement in Transgender Men: A Prospective Controlled Study","volume":"83","author":"Herman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2016.1202230","article-title":"A Case of First-Onset Psychosis and Repeated Relapses Secondary to Discontinuation of Non-Prescription Estrogen Replacement Therapy in a Transgendered Female","volume":"32","author":"Moffitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2012.736920","article-title":"A Prospective Study on Sexual Function and Mood in Female-to-Male Transsexuals during Testosterone Administration and after Sex Reassignment Surgery","volume":"39","author":"Costantino","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sex Marital Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4103\/sni.sni_22_18","article-title":"Multiple Meningiomas in Two Male-to-Female Transsexual Patients with Hormone Replacement Therapy: A Report of Two Cases and a Brief Literature Review","volume":"9","author":"Raj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12550","article-title":"Meningiomas in Three Male-to-Female Transgender Subjects Using Oestrogens\/Progestogens and Review of the Literature","volume":"48","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13653","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013653","article-title":"Long-Term Hormonal Therapy Resulting in Breast Cancer in Female-to-Male Transsexual: Case Report","volume":"97","author":"Treskova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-018-1894-6","article-title":"Exogenous Estrogen Therapy, Testicular Cancer, and the Male to Female Transgender Population: A Case Report","volume":"12","author":"Chandhoke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203320946372","article-title":"Lupus Nephritis in a Transgender Woman on Cross-Sex Hormone Therapy: A Case for the Role of Oestrogen in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"29","author":"Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203313500550","article-title":"Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Male-to-Female Transsexual: The Role of Sex Hormones Revisited","volume":"22","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152093","article-title":"Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Transman: A New Case","volume":"57","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203317734921","article-title":"Significant Symptomatic Improvement of Subacute Cutaneous Lupus after Testosterone Therapy in a Female-to-Male Transgender Subject","volume":"27","author":"Ocon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2021.2000535","article-title":"TransCOVID: Does Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy Play a Role in Contracting COVID-19?","volume":"48","author":"Durcan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sex Marital Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24480","article-title":"Voice in Female-to-Male Transsexual Persons after Long-Term Androgen Therapy","volume":"124","author":"Cosyns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.13547","article-title":"Unilateral Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia in a Transgender (Male to Female) Woman on Estrogen Therapy","volume":"26","author":"Komforti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20191606","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1606","article-title":"Long-Term Puberty Suppression for a Nonbinary Teenager","volume":"145","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00416-1","article-title":"Vascular Reactivity Is Impaired in Genetic Females Taking High-Dose Androgens","volume":"32","author":"McCredie","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1080\/26895269.2025.2483214","article-title":"Short-Term Effects of Testosterone on Quality of Life and Sexual Function among Hormone Na\u00efve Thai Transmasculine Individuals","volume":"27","author":"Vichuladda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Transgender Health"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.08.035","article-title":"Testosterone Use and Sexual Function among Transgender Men and Gender Diverse People Assigned Female at Birth","volume":"229","author":"Tordoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2026.01.036","article-title":"Gynecologic Function and Dysfunction in Transmasculine and Gender-Diverse Individuals Using Testosterone Therapy: A Systematic Review","volume":"235","author":"Spinnewijn","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01658","article-title":"Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric\/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"102","author":"Hembree","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2025, May 20). Joint FIP\/WHO Guidelines on Good Pharmacy Practice: Standards for Quality of Pharmacy Services [Annex 8]. Available online: https:\/\/qualityhealthservices.who.int\/quality-toolkit\/qt-catalog-item\/joint-fip-who-guidelines-on-good-pharmacy-practice-standards-for-quality-of-pharmacy-services-annex-8."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henman, M.C., Ravera, S., and Lery, F.-X. (2024). Council of Europe Resolution on the Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care\u2014A Step Forward in Enhancing the Appropriate Use of Medicines and Patient-Centred Care. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12020232"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"100135","article-title":"The Importance of Providing Gender-Affirming Care in Pharmacy Practice","volume":"6","author":"Abrams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Explor. Res. Clin. Soc. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2023.10.004","article-title":"Pharmacist Guide for Providing Gender-Affirming Care: Dispensing and Beyond","volume":"64","author":"Douglas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharm. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2023.05.016","article-title":"Ohio Community Pharmacists\u2019 Provision of Inclusive Care for Transgender and Gender-Diverse Patients","volume":"63","author":"Perry","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharm. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balcerek, M.I., Nolan, B.J., Brownhill, A., Wong, P., Locke, P., Zajac, J.D., and Cheung, A.S. (2021). Feminizing Hormone Therapy Prescription Patterns and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Aging Transgender Individuals in Australia. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.667403"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1586","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa966","article-title":"No Venous Thromboembolism Increase Among Transgender Female Patients Remaining on Estrogen for Gender-Affirming Surgery","volume":"106","author":"Kozato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e352","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001755","article-title":"Venous Thromboembolism in a Transgender Adolescent on Testosterone Therapy: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"42","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13597","article-title":"Surgical and Pharmacological Reassignment: Influence on Transsexual Cardiovascular Risk Profile","volume":"47","author":"Ciccone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000000984","article-title":"Hormone Therapy and Venous Thromboembolism in a Transgender Adolescent","volume":"40","author":"Stanley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-022-01067-z","article-title":"Incidence of Hypertension in Young Transgender People after a 5-Year Follow-up: Association with Gender-Affirming Hormonal Therapy","volume":"46","author":"Kuzior","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.09.001","article-title":"Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Transgender Women Receiving Oral Estradiol","volume":"13","author":"Arnold","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-013-0187-9","article-title":"Bilateral Non-Arteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in a Transsexual Woman Using Excessive Estrogen Dosage","volume":"43","author":"Wierckx","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000226","article-title":"Stroke Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Outcomes in Transgender Adults: A Case Series","volume":"24","author":"LaHue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000924","article-title":"Unusual Cause of Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion: Polycythemia in a Transgender Man from Unregulated Testosterone Use","volume":"16","author":"Choy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief. Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2013.788678","article-title":"Secondary Intracranial Hypertension from Testosterone Therapy in a Transgender Patient","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E502","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.160408","article-title":"Deep Vein Thrombosis in a Transgender Woman","volume":"189","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2018.0099","article-title":"Spontaneous Superior Ophthalmic Vein Thrombosis in a Transgender Man with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.10.012","article-title":"Changes in Hormonal and Metabolic Parameters in Transgender Subjects on Cross-Sex Hormone Therapy: A Cohort Study","volume":"107","author":"Vita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.4158\/EP15950.OR","article-title":"Metabolic Effects of Hormone Therapy in Transgender Patients","volume":"22","author":"Fernandez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e704","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz029","article-title":"Body Composition and Markers of Cardiometabolic Health in Transgender Youth Compared With Cisgender Youth","volume":"105","author":"Nokoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.008","article-title":"The Effect of Transgender Hormonal Treatment on High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Efflux Capacity","volume":"323","author":"Adorni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000692","article-title":"Effects of Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment on Transgender Women and Men","volume":"125","author":"Deutsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2021.09.051","article-title":"Lipoprotein Subtypes after Testosterone Therapy in Transmasculine Adolescents","volume":"15","author":"Millington","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4004","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac469","article-title":"Multicenter Analysis of Cardiometabolic-Related Diagnoses in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth: A PEDSnet Study","volume":"107","author":"Valentine","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab616","article-title":"Change in Visceral Fat and Total Body Fat and the Effect on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors During Transgender Hormone Therapy","volume":"107","author":"Klaver","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2015.02.001","article-title":"Effect of Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Transsexual Individuals. Experience in a Specialized Unit in Catalonia","volume":"62","author":"Patrascioiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.09.012","article-title":"Differential Effects of Cyproterone Acetate vs Spironolactone on Serum High-Density Lipoprotein and Prolactin Concentrations in the Hormonal Treatment of Transgender Women","volume":"13","author":"Fung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2018.374","article-title":"Ischemic Stroke in a Transgender Woman Receiving Estrogen Therapy","volume":"46","author":"Kwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0586","article-title":"Body Composition, Bone Turnover, and Bone Mass in Trans Men during Testosterone Treatment: 1-Year Follow-up Data from a Prospective Case-Controlled Study (ENIGI)","volume":"172","author":"Wierckx","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1373\/jalm.2018.027078","article-title":"Common Hormone Therapies Used to Care for Transgender Patients Influence Laboratory Results","volume":"3","author":"Humble","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2017.03.251","article-title":"Consecutive Cyproterone Acetate and Estradiol Treatment in Late-Pubertal Transgender Female Adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Tack","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2022.3299","article-title":"Distribution of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin and N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Healthy Transgender People","volume":"7","author":"Greene","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2023.02.006","article-title":"Comparison of the Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Estradiol Regimens as Part of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy","volume":"29","author":"Herndon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2019.0260","article-title":"Lower Serum Estradiol Levels in Assigned Female at Birth Transgender People with Initiation of Testosterone Therapy: Results from the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence","volume":"7","author":"Defreyne","year":"2020","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ13-0203","article-title":"Testosterone Replacement Elevates the Serum Uric Acid Levels in Patients with Female to Male Gender Identity Disorder","volume":"60","author":"Kurahashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12878","article-title":"Profound Changes in Sex Hormone Levels during Cross-Sex Hormone Therapy of Transsexuals Do Not Alter Serum Cholesterol Acceptor Capacity","volume":"12","author":"Wultsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0493","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and cancer during cross-sex hormone therapy in a large cohort of trans persons: A case-control study","volume":"169","author":"Wierckx","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3936","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab427","article-title":"Toward a Lowest Effective Dose of Cyproterone Acetate in Trans Women: Results From the ENIGI Study","volume":"106","author":"Kuijpers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00359","article-title":"Subcutaneous Injection of Testosterone Is an Effective and Preferred Alternative to Intramuscular Injection: Demonstration in Female-to-Male Transgender Patients","volume":"102","author":"Spratt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A13","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.10.018","article-title":"Physiology or Pathology? Elevated Serum Creatinine in a Female-to-Male Transgender Patient","volume":"75","author":"Gandhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0496","article-title":"Changes in Regional Body Fat, Lean Body Mass and Body Shape in Trans Persons Using Cross-Sex Hormonal Therapy: Results from a Multicenter Prospective Study","volume":"178","author":"Klaver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e458","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab741","article-title":"The Role of Estrone in Feminizing Hormone Treatment","volume":"107","author":"Tebbens","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2018\/e86","article-title":"Low Estrogen Doses Normalize Testosterone and Estradiol Levels to the Female Range in Transgender Women","volume":"73","author":"Cunha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1290","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa884","article-title":"Efficacy of Sex Steroid Therapy Without Progestin or GnRH Agonist for Gonadal Suppression in Adult Transgender Patients","volume":"106","author":"Pappas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ12-0319","article-title":"Dose-Response Analysis of Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Patients with Female to Male Gender Identity Disorder","volume":"60","author":"Nakamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp170160","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Patient Acceptability of Subcutaneous versus Intramuscular Testosterone Injection for Gender-Affirming Therapy: A Pilot Study","volume":"75","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2805-3","article-title":"Preservation of Volumetric Bone Density and Geometry in Trans Women during Cross-Sex Hormonal Therapy: A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"26","author":"Wierckx","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000683","article-title":"Drug Interaction With Remifentanil in a Transgender Man Receiving Exogenous Testosterone and Electroconvulsive Therapy","volume":"36","author":"Abubucker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2022.02.023","article-title":"Hormone Concentrations in Transgender Women Who Self-Prescribe Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy: A Retrospective Study","volume":"19","author":"Salakphet","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2019.0077","article-title":"Changes in Anxiety and Depression from Intake to First Follow-Up Among Transgender Youth in a Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic","volume":"5","author":"Cantu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transgender Health"}],"container-title":["Pharmacy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2226-4787\/14\/6\/132\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:48:51Z","timestamp":1789033731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2226-4787\/14\/6\/132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmacy14060132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmacy14060132","relation":{},"ISSN":["2226-4787"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2226-4787","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}