{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:23:16Z","timestamp":1791829396192,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]],"date-time":"2018-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To describe the development of a community pharmacy-based intervention aimed at optimizing experience and use of antidepressants (ADs) for patients with mood and anxiety disorders. Methods: Intervention Mapping (IM) was used for conducting needs assessment, formulating intervention objectives, selecting change methods and practical applications, designing the intervention, and planning intervention implementation. IM is based on a qualitative participatory approach and each step of the intervention development process was conducted through consultations with a pharmacists\u2019 committee. Results: A needs assessment was informed by qualitative and quantitative studies conducted with leaders, pharmacists, and patients. Intervention objectives and change methods were selected to target factors influencing patients\u2019 experience with and use of ADs. The intervention includes four brief consultations between the pharmacist and the patient: (1) provision of information (first AD claim); (2) management of side effects (15 days after first claim); (3) monitoring treatment efficacy (30-day renewal); (4) assessment of treatment persistence (2-month renewal, repeated every 6 months). A detailed implementation plan was also developed. Conclusion: IM provided a systematic and rigorous approach to the development of an intervention directly tied to empirical data on patients\u2019 and pharmacists\u2019 experiences and recommendations. The thorough description of this intervention may facilitate the development of new pharmacy-based interventions or the adaptation of this intervention to other illnesses and settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy6020039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]],"date-time":"2018-05-03T03:20:27Z","timestamp":1525317627000},"page":"39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Development of a Community Pharmacy-Based Intervention to Optimize Patients\u2019 Use of and Experience with Antidepressants: A Step-by-Step Demonstration of the Intervention Mapping Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6150-032X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Santina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, Avenue de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Lauzier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, H\u00f4pital Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec City, QC G1S 4L8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quebec City, QC G3B 1Y5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Villeneuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panac\u00e9e Conseil, Quebec City, QC G2J 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyne","family":"Moisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, H\u00f4pital Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec City, QC G1S 4L8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Gr\u00e9goire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, H\u00f4pital Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec City, QC G1S 4L8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1138-8285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Guillaumie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, Avenue de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada (2015). Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Canada."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada (2014). Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Canada. Fast Facts from the 2014 Survey on Living with Chronic Diseases in Canada."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716659416","article-title":"Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: Section 1. Disease burden and principles of care","volume":"61","author":"Lam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716659061","article-title":"Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) 2016 clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: Introduction and methods","volume":"61","author":"Lam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-S1-S1","article-title":"Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders","volume":"14","author":"Katzman","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716659417","article-title":"Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: Section 3. Pharmacological treatments","volume":"61","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"427","article-title":"A review of studies concerning treatment adherence of patients with anxiety disorders","volume":"5","author":"Santana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Patient Preference Adherence"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1A254","article-title":"Discontinuing or switching selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors","volume":"36","author":"Bull","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.25.5.660.63590","article-title":"Persistence, switching, and discontinuation rates among patients receiving sertraline, paroxetine, and citalopram","volume":"25","author":"Mullins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.1.101","article-title":"Continuity of antidepressant treatment for adults with depression in the united states","volume":"163","author":"Olfson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"41","article-title":"Antidepressant adherence: Are patients taking their medications?","volume":"9","author":"Sansone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Innov. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.09.068","article-title":"\u201cMedication career\u201d or \u201cmoral career\u201d? The two sides of managing antidepressants: A meta-ethnography of patients\u2019 experience of antidepressants","volume":"68","author":"Malpass","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"255","article-title":"Factors associated with antidepressant medication adherence and adherence-enhancement programmes: A systematic literature review","volume":"8","author":"Heise","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ment. Health Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2012.11.002","article-title":"Patient experiences of taking antidepressants for depression: A secondary qualitative analysis","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, L., and McCabe, R. (2012). The effect of clinician-patient alliance and communication on treatment adherence in mental health care: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-87"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200825070-00003","article-title":"Adherence to depression treatment in older adults","volume":"25","author":"Zivin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2010.04.001","article-title":"The decision to continue or discontinue treatment: Experiences and beliefs of users of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in the initial months: A qualitative study","volume":"7","author":"Hermsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, S.C., Jacob, S.A., and Tangiisuran, B. (2017). Barriers and facilitators of adherence to antidepressants among outpatients with major depressive disorder: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179290"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.12.1615","article-title":"Stigma as a barrier to recovery: Perceived stigma and patient-rated severity of illness as predictors of antidepressant drug adherence","volume":"52","author":"Sirey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10967","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111010967","article-title":"New roles for pharmacists in community mental health care: A narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S27436","article-title":"Impact of pharmacist interventions on patients\u2019 adherence to antidepressants and patient-reported outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Qureshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Patient Preference Adherence"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2017.1340618","article-title":"The impact of a person-centred community pharmacy mental health medication support service on consumer outcomes","volume":"27","author":"McMillan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2017.05.008","article-title":"Effect of pharmacist intervention on improving antidepressant medication adherence and depression symptomology: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Readdean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1331\/1544345054003732","article-title":"Pharmacist telemonitoring of antidepressant use: Effects on pharmacist\u2013patient collaboration","volume":"45","author":"Rickles","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharm. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2003.08.005","article-title":"The impact of a pharmacist intervention on 6-month outcomes in depressed primary care patients","volume":"26","author":"Adler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/61.4.364","article-title":"Randomized trial of pharmacist interventions to improve depression care and outcomes in primary care","volume":"61","author":"Capoccia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.10.1175.32760","article-title":"Impact of a collaborative care model on depression in a primary care setting: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Finley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.56.4.487","article-title":"A pharmacy-based coaching program to improve adherence to antidepressant treatment among primary care patients","volume":"56","author":"Brook","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1584.2006.00827.x","article-title":"Patient outcomes following an intervention involving community pharmacists in the management of depression","volume":"14","author":"Crockett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. J. Rural Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200725010-00004","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of a pharmacy-based coaching programme to improve adherence to antidepressants","volume":"25","author":"Bosmans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"123","article-title":"Effect of information leaflets and counselling on antidepressant adherence: Open randomised controlled trial in a psychiatric hospital in kuwait","volume":"13","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/59.16.1518","article-title":"Impact of a collaborative pharmacy practice model on the treatment of depression in primary care","volume":"59","author":"Finley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Bartholomew, E.L.K., Markham, C.M., Ruiter, R.A.C., Fernandez, M.E., Kok, G., and Parcel, G.S. (2016). Planning Health Promotion Programs. An Intervention Mapping Approach, Jossey-Bass. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp150245","article-title":"Intervention mapping for developing pharmacy-based services and health programs: A theoretical approach","volume":"73","author":"Moullin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garba, R.M., and Gadanya, M.A. (2017). The role of intervention mapping in designing disease prevention interventions: A systematic review of the literature. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174438"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198117709885","article-title":"Use of intervention mapping to enhance health care professional practice: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Durks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020335","article-title":"Electronic monitoring-based counseling to enhance adherence among HIV-infected patients: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Hospers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2015.1077155","article-title":"A taxonomy of behaviour change methods: An intervention mapping approach","volume":"10","author":"Kok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higginbottom, G., and Liamputtong, P. (2015). What is participatory research? Why do it?. Participatory Qualitative Research Methodologies in Health, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473919945"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillaumie, L., Ndayizigiye, A., Beaucage, C., Moisan, J., Gr\u00e9goire, J.-P., Villeneuve, D., and Lauzier, S. (2018). Patient perspectives on the role of community pharmacists for antidepressant treatment: A qualitative study. Can. Pharm. J., 171516351875581.","DOI":"10.1177\/1715163518755814"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-017-0502-y","article-title":"Contributions of community pharmacists to patients on antidepressants-a qualitative study among key informants","volume":"39","author":"Guillaumie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2014.07.180","article-title":"Perspective of community pharmacists on their practice with patients who have an antidepressant drug treatment: Findings from a focus group study","volume":"11","author":"Guillaumie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Lauzier, S., Guillaumie, L., Humphries, B., Moisan, J., Gr\u00e9goire, J.P., and Beaucage, C. (2018). Psychosocial factors associated with community pharmacists monitoring patients\u2019 use and experience with antidepressant treatments: A cross-sectionnal study using the theory of planned behaviour, Manuscript in preparation."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2016.09.004","article-title":"Theoretical approaches to enhancing motivation for adherence to antidepressant medications","volume":"31","author":"Hamrin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-016-0426-6","article-title":"Theory-based interventions to improve medication adherence in older adults prescribed polypharmacy: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Patton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.03.410","article-title":"Impact of pharmacist intervention using shared decision making on adherence and measurable depressed patient outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Aljumah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191","article-title":"Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change","volume":"84","author":"Bandura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Miller, W.R., and Rollnick, S. (2012). Motivational Interviewing, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"DiClemente, R.J., Crosby, R.A., and Kegle, M. (2009). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion: Developing health promotions for sustained behavioral change. Emerging Theories in Health Promotion Practice and Research, Jossey-Bass. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Glanz, K., Rimer, B.K., and Viswanath, K. (2015). The transtheoretical model and stages of change. Health Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practice, Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fishbein, M., and Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach, Psychology Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203838020"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, Prentice-Hall, Inc."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Marlatt, G.A., and Donovan, D.M. (2005). Relapse Prevention; Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"290","article-title":"New developments in and directions for goal-setting research","volume":"12","author":"Latham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"MacDonald, L.A. (2017). Medication Adherence in Bipolar Disorder: Understanding Patients\u2019 Perspectives to Inform Intervention Development, London\u2019s Global University."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/chp.21198","article-title":"Using an intervention mapping framework to develop an online mental health continuing education program for pharmacy staff","volume":"33","author":"Wheeler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Contin. Educ. Health Prof."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198113515241","article-title":"Development of a patient-centered antipsychotic medication adherence intervention","volume":"41","author":"Pyne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.3.379","article-title":"A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions","volume":"27","author":"Abraham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Psychol."}],"container-title":["Pharmacy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2226-4787\/6\/2\/39\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:02:54Z","timestamp":1760194974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2226-4787\/6\/2\/39"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmacy6020039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmacy6020039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2226-4787"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2226-4787","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]]}}}