{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:45:04Z","timestamp":1760237104580,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The opioid epidemic has led to increased needs for opioid reversal agents which require education and counseling for proper use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate outpatient naloxone prescribing and education practices at an academic medical center to understand the current state and inform quality improvement measures. This retrospective chart review study included 439 patients that were at least 18 years old and received an outpatient prescription for naloxone between 1 July 2017 and 30 June 2018. Descriptive and demographic data were collected. The primary endpoint was whether an indication for naloxone and education on administration were documented when naloxone was initially prescribed to patients. Overall, 39% of naloxone prescriptions did not have an indication for prescribing listed in the medical record. Of those with a documented indication, concomitant benzodiazepines and history of overdose or substance abuse were most common (22% and 14%). The average morphine milligram equivalents were 165. Additionally, 69% of dispenses did not have documentation that the patient or a caregiver received education regarding the use and administration of naloxone. These findings suggest that patients are receiving naloxone for appropriate indications. Documentation of medication education is needed to ensure it is occurring and that patients are informed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy8010031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T09:26:41Z","timestamp":1583486801000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Prescribing and Education of Naloxone in a Large Academic Medical Center"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2239-5368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy N.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Michigan Medicine Pharmacy Innovations and Partnerships, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, September 01). Determination That a Public Health Emergency Exists, Available online: https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/opioid%20PHE%20Declaration-no-sig.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths\u2014United States, 2013\u20132017","volume":"67","author":"Scholl","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2019, September 01). Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, Available online: https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/report\/2017-nsduh-annual-national-report."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2019, September 01). Strategy to Combat Opioid Abuse, Misuse, and Overdose A Framework Based on the Five Point Strategy, Available online: https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/opioids\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-09\/opioid-fivepoint-strategy-20180917-508compliant.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2020, March 02). Understanding Naloxone Standing Orders is Vital. Available online: https:\/\/www.pharmacytimes.com\/publications\/issue\/2018\/november2018\/understanding-naloxone-standing-orders-is-vital."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2019, September 01). Calculating Total Daily Dose of Opioids for Safer Dosage, Available online: www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/prescribing\/guideline.html."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2019, September 01). U.S. Surgeon General\u2019s Advisory on Naloxone and Opioid Overdose, Available online: https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/surgeongeneral\/priorities\/opioids-and-addiction\/naloxone-advisory\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2019, September 01). Improving Opioid Prescribing, Available online: https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/publications\/improving-opioid-prescribing\/improving-opioid-prescribing."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.06.005","article-title":"Acceptability and Feasibility of Naloxone Prescribing in Primary Care Settings: A Systematic Review","volume":"114","author":"Behar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2020, February 13). CDC Opioids Guideline Calculator, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/pdf\/calculating_total_daily_dose-a.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"376","article-title":"Establishment of a Pharmacist-Led Service for Patients at High Risk for Opioid Overdose","volume":"75","author":"Tewell","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJHP"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2019, November 12). Naloxone Prescribing by Pharmacists, Available online: https:\/\/portal.ct.gov\/DCP\/Drug-Control-Division\/Drug-Control\/Naloxone-Prescribing-By-Pharmacists."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1812","article-title":"Development and Implementation of Procedures for Outpatient Naloxone Prescribing at a Large Academic Medical Center","volume":"75","author":"Zschoche","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJHP"}],"container-title":["Pharmacy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2226-4787\/8\/1\/31\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:04:31Z","timestamp":1760173471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2226-4787\/8\/1\/31"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmacy8010031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmacy8010031","relation":{},"ISSN":["2226-4787"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2226-4787"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]}}}