{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:52:24Z","timestamp":1790661144514,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5-U01-CE002955-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-U01-CE002955-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted face-to-face interactions in healthcare research, with many studies shifting to video-based data collection for qualitative research. This study describes the interactivity achieved in a videoconferencing focus group of seven primary care providers discussing deprescribing opioids and benzodiazepines. Researchers reviewed video footage of a focus group conducted via Zoom and assessed interactivity using Morgan\u2019s framework for focus group communication processes. Two reviewers categorized the type of exchanges as sharing information, comparing experiences, organizing, and conceptualizing the content, as well as validating each other or galvanizing the discussion with \u201clightning strike\u201d ideas. The conversation dynamics in this focus group included clear examples of interactivity in each of the categories proposed by Morgan (validating, sharing, comparing, organizing, conceptualizing, and lightning strikes) that were observed by two different reviewers with demonstrated high interrater reliability. Conducting focus groups with a skilled moderator using videoconferencing platforms with primary care providers is a viable option that produces sufficient levels of interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy9030117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T23:22:14Z","timestamp":1624576934000},"page":"117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Transitioning Focus Group Research to a Videoconferencing Environment: A Descriptive Analysis of Interactivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3963-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristine B.","family":"Henage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aging and Health, Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1819-9631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie P.","family":"Ferreri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Schlusser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamera D.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori T.","family":"Armistead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7770-1639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey J.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aging and Health, Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Niznik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aging and Health, Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Busby-Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aging and Health, Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aging and Health, Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloor, M., Frankland, J., Thomas, M., Stewart, K., and Robson, K. (2000). Focus Groups in Social Research, SAGE Publications.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849209175"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/00003727-200110000-00010","article-title":"Health behavior changes after colon cancer: A comparison of findings from face-to-face and on-line focus groups","volume":"24","author":"Campbell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fam. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.0151.x","article-title":"Focus group findings about the influence of culture on communication preferences in end-of-life care","volume":"20","author":"Shrank","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-9-15","article-title":"Online focus groups as a tool to collect data in hard-to-include populations: Examples from paediatric oncology","volume":"9","author":"Tates","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794105056916","article-title":"Researching online populations: The use of online focus groups for social research","volume":"5","author":"Stewart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406919874596","article-title":"Using videoconferencing for qualitative data collection: Perceptions and experiences of researchers and participants","volume":"18","author":"Archibald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Marques, I.C., Theiss, L.M., Johnson, C.Y., McLin, E., Ruf, B.A., Vickers, S.M., Fouad, M.N., Scarinci, I.C., and Chu, D.I. (2020). Implementation of virtual focus groups for qualitative data collection in a global pandemic. Am. J. Surg., S0002-961030620-6."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406919885786","article-title":"STEER: Factors to consider when designing online focus groups using audiovisual technology in health research","volume":"18","author":"Daniels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732310364627","article-title":"Reconsidering the role of interaction in analyzing and reporting focus groups","volume":"20","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gubrium, J.F., Marvasti, A.B., and McKinney, K.D. (2012). Focus group and social interaction. The SAGE Handbook of Interview Research: The Complexity of Craft, SAGE Publications. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452218403"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NNR.0000313489.49165.97","article-title":"The Sociogram: A useful tool in the analysis of focus groups","volume":"57","author":"Drahota","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perecman, E., and Curran, S.R. (2006). Focus Group Interviews. A Handbook For social Science Field Research: Essays & Bibliographic Sources on Research Design and Methods, SAGE Publications.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983211"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armistead, L.T., Sanders, K.A., Larson, C.K., and Ferreri, S.P. (2021). A-TAPER: A framework for deprescribing medications effectively. Res. Social Adm. 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Pract."}],"container-title":["Pharmacy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2226-4787\/9\/3\/117\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:23:09Z","timestamp":1760163789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2226-4787\/9\/3\/117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmacy9030117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmacy9030117","relation":{},"ISSN":["2226-4787"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2226-4787","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]}}}