{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T19:24:08Z","timestamp":1787340248734,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vice-Chancellor\u2019s International Scholarships for Research Excellence, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK","award":["G0800547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0800547"]}]},{"name":"Vice-Chancellor\u2019s International Scholarships for Research Excellence, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK","award":["1R01GM143388-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01GM143388-01A1"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["G0800547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0800547"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["1R01GM143388-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01GM143388-01A1"]}]},{"name":"Tweedie Bequest, University Hospital of Wales","award":["G0800547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0800547"]}]},{"name":"Tweedie Bequest, University Hospital of Wales","award":["1R01GM143388-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01GM143388-01A1"]}]},{"name":"NIH\u2019s National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["G0800547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0800547"]}]},{"name":"NIH\u2019s National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["1R01GM143388-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01GM143388-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photonics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is crucial in eye diseases like glaucoma. Axon damage and dendritic degeneration precede cell death, detectable within optical coherence tomography (OCT) resolution, indicating their correlation with neuronal degeneration. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the optical changes of early retinal degeneration. Methods: The detection of optical changes in the axotomised retinal explants was completed in six C57BL\/6J mice. OCT images were acquired up to 120 min from enucleation. A grey-level co-occurrence-based texture analysis was performed on the inner plexiform layer (IPL) to monitor changes in the optical speckles using a principal component analysis (PCA) and a support vector machine (SVM). In parallel tests, retinal transparency was confirmed by a comparison of the modulation transfer functions (MTFs) at 0 and 120 min. Results: Quantitative confirmation by analysis of the MTFs confirmed the non-degradation of optical transparency during the imaging period: MTF (fx) = 0.267 \u00b1 0.02. Textural features in the IPL could discriminate between the optical signals of RGC degeneration. The mean accuracy of the SVM classification was 86.3%; discrimination was not enhanced by the combination of the SVM and PCA (81.9%). Conclusions: Optical changes in the IPL can be detected using OCT following RGC axotomy. High-resolution OCT can provide an index of retinal neuronal integrity and its degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics12020128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T04:36:51Z","timestamp":1738557411000},"page":"128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["SVM-Based Optical Detection of Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-4208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukhit","family":"Kulmaganbetov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK"},{"name":"Glaucoma Department, Kazakh Eye Research Institute, Almaty A05H2A8, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2557-2887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Bevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK"},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Want","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2122-5781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nantheera","family":"Anantrasirichai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Information Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0982-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alin","family":"Achim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Information Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3029-8245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Albon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2011.11.002","article-title":"The molecular basis of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma","volume":"31","author":"Almasieh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. 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