{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:38:25Z","timestamp":1788827905937,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2016-79868-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2016-79868-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCIN-2017-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIN-2017-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005004","name":"Ekonomiaren Garapen eta Lehiakortasun Saila, Eusko Jaurlaritza","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IT\u2010932\u201016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT\u2010932\u201016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005004","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low atmospheric relative humidity (RH) accompanied by elevated air temperature and decreased precipitation are environmental challenges that wheat production will face in future decades. These changes to the atmosphere are causing increases in air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and low soil water availability during certain periods of the wheat-growing season. The main objective of this study was to analyze the physiological, metabolic, and transcriptional response of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism of wheat (Triticum durum cv. Sula) to increases in VPD and soil water stress conditions, either alone or in combination. Plants were first grown in well-watered conditions and near-ambient temperature and RH in temperature-gradient greenhouses until anthesis, and they were then subjected to two different water regimes well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS), i.e., watered at 50% of the control for one week, followed by two VPD levels (low, 1.01\/0.36 KPa and high, 2.27\/0.62 KPa; day\/night) for five additional days. Both VPD and soil water content had an important impact on water status and the plant physiological apparatus. While high VPD and water stress-induced stomatal closure affected photosynthetic rates, in the case of plants watered at 50%, high VPD also caused a direct impairment of the RuBisCO large subunit, RuBisCO activase and the electron transport rate. Regarding N metabolism, the gene expression, nitrite reductase (NIR) and transport levels detected in young leaves, as well as determinations of the \u03b415N and amino acid profiles (arginine, leucine, tryptophan, aspartic acid, and serine) indicated activation of N metabolism and final transport of nitrate to leaves and photosynthesizing cells. On the other hand, under low VPD conditions, a positive effect was only observed on gene expression related to the final step of nitrate supply to photosynthesizing cells, whereas the amount of 15N supplied to the roots that reached the leaves decreased. Such an effect would suggest an impaired N remobilization from other organs to young leaves under water stress conditions and low VPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10010120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T21:21:45Z","timestamp":1610313705000},"page":"120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Short-Term Exposure to High Atmospheric Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) Severely Impacts Durum Wheat Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in the Absence of Edaphic Water Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Dorra","family":"Fakhet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda (IdAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC)-Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferm\u00edn","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda (IdAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC)-Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6958-6746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Jauregui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Ciencias del Medio Natural, Campus de Arrosad\u00eda, Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra, 31192 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gorka","family":"Erice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atens, Agrotecnolog\u00edas Naturales S.L., La Riera de Gaia, 43762 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Aparicio-Tejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Ciencias del Medio Natural, Campus de Arrosad\u00eda, Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra, 31192 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Murua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Vegetal y Ecolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco\/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV\/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s\/n, 48940 Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2402-2063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Aroca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda del Suelo y Sistemas Simbi\u00f3ticos, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental del Zaid\u00edn (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4297-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan J.","family":"Irigoyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Stress Physiology Group, Associated Unit to CSIC (EEAD, Zaragoza and ICVV, Logro\u00f1o), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8231-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iker","family":"Aranjuelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda (IdAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC)-Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., P\u00f6rtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P.R., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., P\u00e9an, C., and Pidcock, R. 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