{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T13:36:32Z","timestamp":1791812192625,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bell pepper is a vegetable with high antioxidant content, and its consumption is important because it can reduce the risk of certain diseases in humans. Plants can be affected by different types of stress, whether biotic or abiotic. Among the abiotic factors, there is saline stress that affects the metabolism and physiology of plants, which causes damage, decreasing productivity and quality of fruits. The objective of this work was to evaluate the application of selenium, silicon and copper nanoparticles and saline stress on the bioactive compounds of bell pepper fruits. The bell pepper plants were exposed to saline stress (25 mM NaCl and 50 mM) in the nutrient solution throughout the crop cycle. The nanoparticles were applied drenching solution of these to substrate (Se NPs 10 and 50 mg L\u22121, Si NPs 200 and 1000 mg L\u22121, Cu NPs 100 and 500 mg L\u22121). The results show that saline stress reduces chlorophylls, lycopene, and \u03b2-carotene in leaves; but increased the activity of some enzymes (e.g., glutathione peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and glutathione). In fruits, saline stress decreased flavonoids and glutathione. The nanoparticles increased chlorophylls, lycopene and glutathione peroxidase activity in the leaves; and ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, and also phenols, flavonoids, glutathione, \u03b2-carotene, yellow carotenoids in fruits. The application of nanoparticles to bell pepper plants under saline stress is efficient to increase the content of bioactive compounds in fruits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10020217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T09:59:40Z","timestamp":1611568780000},"page":"217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Effect of Three Nanoparticles (Se, Si and Cu) on the Bioactive Compounds of Bell Pepper Fruits under Saline Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias en Agricultura Protegida, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claribel","family":"C\u00e1rdenas-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias en Horticultura, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2692-4995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregorio","family":"Cadenas-Pliego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Aplicada, Saltillo, Coahuila 25294, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adalberto","family":"Benavides-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelino","family":"Cabrera-de-la-Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Sandoval-Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Vald\u00e9s-Reyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bot\u00e1nica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-2297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ju\u00e1rez-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bot\u00e1nica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.07.047","article-title":"Carotenoids from fruits and vegetables: Chemistry, analysis, occurrence, bioavailability and biological activities","volume":"76","author":"Saini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Y., Wang, Z., Jia, J., Bai, L., Liu, H., Shen, S., and Yan, H. (2020). Newly designed molecularly imprinted 3-aminophenol-glyoxal-urea resin as hydrophilic solid-phase extraction sorbent for specific simultaneous determination of three plant growth regulators in green bell peppers. Food Chem., 311.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125999"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estrada, C.C.E., Vel\u00e1zquez, G.T., Revilla, O.G., P\u00e9rez, C.E., M\u00e1rquez, M.O.G., Cortez, L.M.S., and Mart\u00ednez, H.D.M. (2020). Prediction of total phenolics, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacities, and total soluble solids of Capsicum annuum L. (bell pepper) juice by FT-MIR and multivariate analysis. LWT, 126.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109285"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.06.042","article-title":"Evaluation of chemical profile and antioxidant activity of twenty cultivars from Capsicum annuum, Capsicum baccatum, Capsicum chacoense and Capsicum chinense: A comparison between fresh and processed peppers","volume":"64","author":"Loizzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minhas, P.S., Ramos, T.B., Gal, B.A., and Pereira, L.S. (2020). Coping with salinity in irrigated agriculture: Crop evapotranspiration and water management issues. Agric. Water Manag., 227.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2019.105832"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Shi, Z., Biswas, A., Yang, S., and Ding, J. (2020). Multi-algorithm comparison for predicting soil salinity. Geoderma, 365.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2020.114211"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109434","article-title":"Salinity acclimation ameliorates salt stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings by triggering a cascade of physiological processes in the leaves","volume":"270","author":"Kamanga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(02)02312-9","article-title":"Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance","volume":"7","author":"Mittler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"287","article-title":"First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid","volume":"54","author":"Ighodaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alex. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2697","article-title":"Nano-silicon dioxide mitigates the adverse effects of salt stress on Cucurbita pepo L.","volume":"33","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-018-0860-x","article-title":"Effects of sodium nitroprusside on callus browning of Ficus religiosa: An important medicinal plant","volume":"31","author":"Hesami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.05.061","article-title":"Effect of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on growth and physiology of globally important food crops: A critical review","volume":"322","author":"Rizwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, H.A.A., Darwesh, O.M., Mekki, B.B., and Hallouty, S.M. (2019). Evaluation of cytotoxicity, biochemical profile and yield components of groundnut plants treated with nano-selenium. Biotechnol. Rep., 24.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00377"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, H.A., Darwesh, O.M., and Mekki, B.B. (2019). Environmentally friendly nano-selenium to improve antioxidant system and growth of groundnut cultivars under sandy soil conditions. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 18.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101080"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.04.078","article-title":"Alleviation of the effect of salinity on growth and yield of strawberry by foliar spray of selenium-nanoparticles","volume":"253","author":"Zahedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandra, J., Chauhan, R., Korram, J., Satnami, M.L., and Keshavkant, S. (2020). Silica nanoparticle minimizes aluminium imposed injuries by impeding cytotoxic agents and over expressing protective genes in Cicer arietinum. Sci. Hortic., 260.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.108885"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-017-1202-0","article-title":"Nano-silicon alters antioxidant activities of soybean seedlings under salt toxicity","volume":"255","author":"Abriz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(18)62038-6","article-title":"Beneficial effects of silicon on photosynthesis of tomato seedlings under water stress","volume":"17","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-014-0050-8","article-title":"Uptake, transport, distribution and Bio-effects of SiO2 nanoparticles in Bt-transgenic cotton","volume":"12","author":"Le","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, H.H., Morales, G.S., Mendoza, B.A., Ortiz, O.H., Pliego, C.G., and Maldonado, J.A. (2018). Effects of Chitosan\u2013PVA and Cu Nanoparticles on the Growth and Antioxidant Capacity of Tomato under Saline Stress. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23010178"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2017.09.016","article-title":"Effect of biologically synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles on metabolism and antioxidant activity to the crop plants Solanum lycopersicum and Brassica oleracea var. botrytis","volume":"262","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0016-8025.2001.00808.x","article-title":"Comparative physiology of salt and water stress","volume":"25","author":"Munns","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"407","article-title":"Physiology and molecular biology of stress tolerance in plants","volume":"86","author":"Sairam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houimli, S.I.M., Denden, M., and Mouhandes, B.D. (2010). Effects of 24-epibrassinolide on growth, chlorophyll, electrolyte leakage and proline by pepper plants under NaCl-stress. Eur. Asian J. Biosci., 96\u2013104.","DOI":"10.5053\/ejobios.2010.4.0.12"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R.P., Handa, R., and Manchanda, G. (2020). Nanoparticles in sustainable agriculture: An emerging opportunity. J. Control. Release.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.10.051"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motos, A.J., Ortu\u00f1o, M., Vicente, B.A., Vivancos, D.P., Blanco, S.M., and Hernandez, J. (2017). Plant Responses to Salt Stress: Adaptive Mechanisms. Agronomy, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy7010018"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinoza, M.M.C., Pliego, C.G., Alvarez, P.M., Fuentes, H.A.D., Fuente, C.M., Mendoza, B.A., Reyna, V.J., and Maldonado, J.A. (2019). Se Nanoparticles Induce Changes in the Growth, Antioxidant Responses, and Fruit Quality of Tomato Developed under NaCl Stress. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24173030"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avestan, S., Ghasemnezhad, M., Esfahani, M., and Byrt, C.S. (2019). Application of Nano-Silicon Dioxide Improves Salt Stress Tolerance in Strawberry Plants. Agronomy, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9050246"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57794-1","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) promote growth and ameliorate salinity stress effects on essential oil profile and biochemical attributes of Dracocephalum moldavica","volume":"10","author":"Gohari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-015-0167-5","article-title":"Effect of copper oxide nanoparticles on growth, morphology, photosynthesis, and antioxidant response in Oryza sativa","volume":"54","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s11627-019-09988-0","article-title":"Iron nanoparticles and potassium silicate interaction effect on salt-stressed grape cuttings under in vitro conditions: A morphophysiological and biochemical evaluation","volume":"55","author":"Ghaderi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, Z., Yasmeen, F., and Komatsu, S. (2020). Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Morphophysiological Effects, and Proteomic Responses of Crop Plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093056"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mateus, M.P.B., Tavanti, R.F.R., Tavanti, T.R., Santos, E.F., Jalal, A., and Reis, A.R. (2021). Selenium biofortification enhances ROS scavenge system increasing yield of coffee plants. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 209.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111772"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maldonado, J.A., Ortiz, O.H., Morales, G.S., Moreno, M.\u00c1., Fuente, C.M., Rangel, S.A., Pliego, C.G., and Mendoza, B.A. (2019). Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials as Plant Biostimulants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010162"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Maldonado, J.A., Tortella, G., Rubilar, O., Fincheira, P., and Mendoza, B.A. (2021). Biostimulation and toxicity: The magnitude of the impact of nanomaterials in microorganisms and plants. J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2004.04.020","article-title":"Silicon alleviates salt stress and increases antioxidant enzymes activity in leaves of salt-stressed cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)","volume":"167","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2012.07.013","article-title":"Glutathione homeostasis as an important and novel factor controlling blossom-end rot development in calcium-deficient tomato fruits","volume":"169","author":"Mestre","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-009-9889-0","article-title":"Comparison of cadmium and copper effect on phenolic metabolism, mineral nutrients and stress-related parameters in Matricaria chamomilla plants","volume":"320","author":"Klejdus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.10.007","article-title":"The application of copper nanoparticles and potassium silicate stimulate the tolerance to Clavibacter michiganensis in tomato plants","volume":"245","author":"Morales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuentes, H.A., Vargas, L.E., Espinoza, P.J., Montiel, C.R., Reyna, V.J., and Maldonado, J.A. (2017). Postharvest Behavior of Bioactive Compounds in Tomato Fruits Treated with Cu Nanoparticles and NaCl Stress. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7100980"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labrada, P.F., Vargas, L.E.R., Ortiz, O.H., Pliego, C.G., Mendoza, B.A., and Maldonado, J.A. (2019). Responses of Tomato Plants under Saline Stress to Foliar Application of Copper Nanoparticles. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8060151"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(00)00324-1","article-title":"Analytical, Nutritional and Clinical Methods Section The hydrophilic and lipophilic contribution to total antioxidant activity","volume":"73","author":"Arnao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0113732","article-title":"Development and Validation of Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity Assay for Lipophilic Antioxidants Using Randomly Methylated \u03b2-Cyclodextrin as the Solubility Enhancer","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03321907","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in plants: An overview","volume":"15","author":"Pandhair","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamet, C.J., Mart\u00ednez, S.R., G\u00e1lvez, V.A., Stoll, A., Uribe, E., and Go\u00f1i, M.G. (2020). Biochemical composition as a function of fruit maturity stage of bell pepper (Capsicum annum) inoculated with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Sci. Hortic., 263.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.109107"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01347224","article-title":"A universal method for preparing nutrient solutions of a certain desired composition","volume":"15","author":"Steiner","year":"1961","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez, Q.T., Ortiz, O.H., Pliego, C.G., Fuentes, H.A.D., Rangel, S.A., Mendoza, B.A., Fuente, C.M., and Maldonado, J.A. (2019). The Application of Selenium and Copper Nanoparticles Modifies the Biochemical Responses of Tomato Plants under Stress by Alternaria solani. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081950"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerrero, P.Z.H., Pliego, C.G., Ortiz, O.H., Morales, G.S., Mendoza, B.A., Reyna, V.J., and Maldonado, J.A. (2020). Form of silica improves yield, fruit quality and antioxidant defense system of tomato plants under salt stress. Agriculture, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture10090367"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"925","article-title":"Simple Method for Simultaneous Determination of Chlorophyll and Carotenoids in Tomato Fruit","volume":"39","author":"Nagata","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Food Sci. Technol. Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010400l","article-title":"Rapid spectrophotometric determination of red and yellow isochromic carotenoid fractions in paprika and red pepper oleoresins","volume":"49","author":"Mosquera","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"131","article-title":"Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts; its inactivation in ascorbate-depleted medium and reactivation by monodehydroascorbate radical","volume":"28","author":"Nakano","year":"1987","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013369804867","article-title":"Antioxidative and growth-promoting effect of selenium on senescing lettuce","volume":"237","author":"Xue","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05015-1","article-title":"Assays of glutathione peroxidase","volume":"105","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/32.1.93","article-title":"Leaf senescence: Correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase","volume":"32","author":"Dhindsa","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s11627-012-9443-2","article-title":"Effect of l-phenylalanine on PAL activity and production of naphthoquinone pigments in suspension cultures of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst","volume":"48","author":"Baranek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1","article-title":"Analisys of total phenols and other oxidation sobstrates and antioxidants by means of Folin Ciocalteau reagent","volume":"299","author":"Singleton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"462","article-title":"Standardization of a propolis extract and identification of the main constituents","volume":"49","author":"Grand","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Belg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafari, M., and Shahsavar, A. (2020). The application of artificial neural networks in modeling and predicting the effects of melatonin on morphological responses of citrus to drought stress. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240427"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1080\/15538362.2019.1653810","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Modeling and Predicting Quality Parameters of Fruits and Vegetables during Postharvest Storage: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Salehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Fruit Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wakamori, K., Mizuno, R., Nakanishi, G., and Mineno, H. (2020). Multimodal neural network with clustering-based drop for estimating plant water stress. Comput. Electron. Agric., 168.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.105118"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilandeh, A.Y., Sabzi, S., Benmouna, B., Mateos, G.G., Hern\u00e1ndez, H.J.L., and Mart\u00ednez, M.J.M. (2020). Estimation of the Constituent Properties of Red Delicious Apples Using a Hybrid of Artificial Neural Networks and Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10020267"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabri\u00ebls, S.H.E.J., Mishra, P., Mensink, M.G.J., Spoelstra, P., and Woltering, E.J. (2020). Non-destructive measurement of internal browning in mangoes using visible and near-infrared spectroscopy supported by artificial neural network analysis. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 166.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2020.111206"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/10\/2\/217\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:14:27Z","timestamp":1760159667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/10\/2\/217"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["plants10020217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants10020217","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]}}}