{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T03:11:16Z","timestamp":1781320276594,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plants belonging to the Asteraceae family are widely used as traditional medicinal herbs around the world for the treatment of numerous diseases. In this work, the chemical profiles of essential oils (EOs) of the above-ground parts of Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC. and Erigeron bonariensis (L.) were studied in addition to their cytotoxic and anti-aging activities. The extracted EOs from the two plants via hydrodistillation were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS of EO of P. dioscoridis revealed the identification of 29 compounds representing 96.91% of the total oil. While 35 compounds were characterized from EO of E. bonariensis representing 98.21%. The terpenoids were found the main constituents of both plants with a relative concentration of 93.59% and 97.66%, respectively, including mainly sesquiterpenes (93.40% and 81.06%). \u03b1-Maaliene (18.84%), berkheyaradulen (13.99%), dehydro-cyclolongifolene oxide (10.35%), aromadendrene oxide-2 (8.81%), \u03b2-muurolene (8.09%), and \u03b1-eudesmol (6.79%), represented the preponderance compounds of EO of P. dioscoridis. While, trans-\u03b1-farnesene (25.03%), O-ocimene (12.58%), isolongifolene-5-ol (5.53%), \u03b1-maaliene (6.64%), berkheyaradulen (4.82%), and \u03b1-muurolene (3.99%), represented the major compounds EO of E. bonariensis. A comparative study of our results with the previously described data was constructed based upon principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), where the results revealed a substantial variation of the present studied species than other reported ecospecies. EO of P. dioscoridis exhibited significant cytotoxicity against the two cancer cells, MCF-7 and A-549 with IC50 of 37.3 and 22.3 \u03bcM, respectively. While the EO of the E. bonariensis showed strong cytotoxicity against HepG2 with IC50 of 25.6 \u03bcM. The EOs of P. dioscoridis, E. bonariensis, and their mixture (1:1) exhibited significant inhibitory activity of the collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase comparing with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as a reference. The results of anti-aging showed that the activity of mixture (1:1) &gt; P. dioscoridis &gt; E. bonariensis against the four enzymes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10040667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:13:10Z","timestamp":1617149590000},"page":"667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Chemical Profiles, Anticancer, and Anti-Aging Activities of Essential Oils of Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC. and Erigeron bonariensis L."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Abdelbaset M.","family":"Elgamal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry of Microbial and Natural Products, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania F.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5903-6329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Abd-ElGawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2435-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abd El-Nasser G.","family":"El Gendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelsamed I.","family":"Elshamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud I.","family":"Nassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cseke, L.J., Kirakosyan, A., Kaufman, P.B., Warber, S., Duke, J.A., and Brielmann, H.L. (2016). Natural Products from Plants, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420004472"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-108650","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antinociceptive effects of a Cressa cretica aqueous extract","volume":"83","author":"Abdallah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2072","article-title":"Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: A review","volume":"21","author":"Edris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Della Pepa, T., Elshafie, H.S., Capasso, R., De Feo, V., Camele, I., Nazzaro, F., Scognamiglio, M.R., and Caputo, L. (2019). Antimicrobial and phytotoxic activity of Origanum heracleoticum and O. majorana essential oils growing in Cilento (Southern Italy). Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24142576"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gru\u013eov\u00e1, D., Caputo, L., Elshafie, H.S., Baranov\u00e1, B., De Martino, L., Sedl\u00e1k, V., Goga\u013eov\u00e1, Z., Por\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, J., Camele, I., and De Feo, V. (2020). Thymol chemotype Origanum vulgare L. essential oil as a potential selective bio-based herbicide on monocot plant species. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030595"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Rowaily, S.L., Abd-ElGawad, A.M., Assaeed, A.M., Elgamal, A.M., Gendy, A.E.-N.G.E., Mohamed, T.A., Dar, B.A., Mohamed, T.K., and Elshamy, A.I. (2020). Essential oil of Calotropis procera: Comparative chemical profiles, antimicrobial activity, and allelopathic potential on weeds. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25215203"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2016.1205523","article-title":"Chemical composition of the essential oil of Trianthema portulacastrum L. Aerial parts and potential antimicrobial and phytotoxic activities of its extract","volume":"19","author":"Elshamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112272","article-title":"Essential oil and its nanoemulsion of Araucaria heterophylla resin: Chemical characterization, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities","volume":"148","author":"Elshamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900278","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201900278","article-title":"Preponderance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes and diterpenes in the volatile oil constituents of Lactuca serriola L. revealed antioxidant and allelopathic activity","volume":"16","author":"Elshamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assaeed, A., Elshamy, A., El Gendy, A.E.-N., Dar, B., Al-Rowaily, S., and Abd-ElGawad, A. (2020). Sesquiterpenes-rich essential oil from above ground parts of Pulicaria somalensis exhibited antioxidant activity and allelopathic effect on weeds. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10030399"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.3512","article-title":"Interspecific variation, antioxidant and allelopathic activity of the essential oil from three Launaea species growing naturally in heterogeneous habitats in Egypt","volume":"34","author":"Elshamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800392","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201800392","article-title":"Essential oil composition, antioxidant and allelopathic activities of Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile","volume":"15","author":"Bonanomi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.10.054","article-title":"Chemical constituents, antioxidant and potential allelopathic effect of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Cullen plicata","volume":"80","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd-ElGawad, A.M., El Gendy, A.E.-N.G., Assaeed, A.M., Al-Rowaily, S.L., Alharthi, A.S., Mohamed, T.A., Nassar, M.I., Dewir, Y.H., and Elshamy, A.I. (2021). Phytotoxic effects of plant essential oils: A systematic review and structure-activity relationship based on chemometric analyses. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10010036"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd-ElGawad, A.M., El Gendy, A.E.-N.G., Assaeed, A.M., Al-Rowaily, S.L., Omer, E.A., Dar, B.A., Al-Taisan, W.a.A., and Elshamy, A.I. (2020). Essential oil enriched with oxygenated constituents from invasive plant Argemone ochroleuca exhibited potent phytotoxic effects. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9080998"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1700438","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201700438","article-title":"Allelopathic activity and chemical composition of Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. essential oil from Egypt","volume":"15","author":"Bonanomi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900051","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201900051","article-title":"Chemical characterization of Euphorbia heterophylla L. essential oils and their antioxidant activity and allelopathic potential on Cenchrus echinatus L.","volume":"16","author":"Elshamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.064","article-title":"Chemical characterization, toxicology and mechanism of gastric antiulcer action of essential oil from Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms in the in vitro and in vivo experimental models","volume":"94","author":"Arunachalam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saleh, I., Abd-ElGawad, A., El Gendy, A.E.-N., Abd El Aty, A., Mohamed, T., Kassem, H., Aldosri, F., Elshamy, A., and Hegazy, M.-E.F. (2020). Phytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of Teucrium polium and Thymus decussatus essential oils extracted using hydrodistillation and microwave-assisted techniques. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9060716"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2018.1512907","article-title":"Composition and hepatoprotective activity of essential oils from Ethiopian thyme species (Thymus serrulatus and Thymus schimperi)","volume":"31","author":"Damtie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.03.011","article-title":"Influence of heating on antioxidant activity and the chemical composition of some spice essential oils","volume":"89","author":"Tomaino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00374","article-title":"Species identification of Conyza bonariensis assisted by chloroplast genome sequencing","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112503","article-title":"Anti-cancer activity of Conyza blinii saponin against cervical carcinoma through MAPK\/TGF-\u03b2\/Nrf2 signaling pathways","volume":"251","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2017.1279989","article-title":"Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist from Turkey","volume":"29","author":"Ayaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Boulos, L. (2002). Flora of Egypt, Al Hadara Publishing."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"List, T.P. (2013, January 01). Version 1.1. Available online: http:\/\/www.theplantlist.org\/."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd El-Gawad, A., Elshamy, A., El Gendy, A.E.-N., Gaara, A., and Assaeed, A. (2019). Volatiles profiling, allelopathic activity, and antioxidant potentiality of Xanthium strumarium leaves essential oil from Egypt: Evidence from chemometrics analysis. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24030584"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Taher, A.M., Gendy, A.E.-N.G.E., Alkahtani, J., Elshamy, A.I., and Abd-ElGawad, A.M. (2020). Taxonomic implication of integrated chemical, morphological, and anatomical attributes of leaves of eight Apocynaceae taxa. Diversity, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/d12090334"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/jccs.202000156","article-title":"Cytotoxic and chemotaxonomic study of isolated metabolites from Centaurea aegyptiaca","volume":"68","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chin. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"257","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities and chemical composition of Conyza dioscoridis (L.) Desf. DC. growing in Egypt","volume":"6","author":"Hetta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"162","article-title":"Evaluation of the diuretic effect of Conyza dioscorides and Alhagi maurorum","volume":"2","author":"Atta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"65","article-title":"Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of phenolic extracts of Conyza dioscoridis L. shoots","volume":"7","author":"Elshamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2011.02.004","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic effects of some desert plants","volume":"15","author":"Awaad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.988714","article-title":"Chemical composition, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of the essential oils of Conyza linifolia and Chenopodium ambrosioides","volume":"29","author":"Harraz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.03.017","article-title":"Antidiarrhoeal activity of some Egyptian medicinal plant extracts","volume":"92","author":"Atta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components By Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry, Allured Publishing Corporation."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2010.513685","article-title":"Chemical composition of essential oils from leaves, stems, flower heads and roots of Conyza bonariensis L. from Tunisia","volume":"25","author":"Mabrouk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-017-0165-3","article-title":"Essential oils of aromatic Egyptian plants repel nymphs of the tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"73","author":"Azeem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2000.9712214","article-title":"Essential oil of Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq","volume":"12","author":"Lis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Chemical composition and biological activity of Conyza bonariensis essential oil collected in M\u00e9rida, Venezuela","volume":"8","author":"Araujo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoi, T.M., Huong, L.T., Chinh, H.V., Hau, D.V., Satyal, P., Tai, T.A., Dai, D.N., Hung, N.H., Hien, V.T., and Setzer, W.N. (2020). Essential oil compositions of three invasive Conyza species collected in Vietnam and their larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25194576"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2019.07.005","article-title":"Chemical composition variations, allelopathic, and antioxidant activities of Symphyotrichum squamatum (Spreng.) Nesom essential oils growing in heterogeneous habitats","volume":"13","author":"Elshamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd-ElGawad, A.M., Elshamy, A.I., Al-Rowaily, S.L., and El-Amier, Y.A. (2019). Habitat affects the chemical profile, allelopathy, and antioxidant properties of essential oils and phenolic enriched extracts of the invasive plant Heliotropium curassavicum. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8110482"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.09.019","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate promotes healthy lifespan through mitohormesis during early-to-mid adulthood in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"14","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16723","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200916723","article-title":"Anti-oxidant, anti-aging, and anti-melanogenic properties of the essential oils from two varieties of Alpinia zerumbet","volume":"20","author":"Tu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.04.066","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-aging potential of Juniper berry (Juniperus communis L.) essential oil in Caenorhabditis elegans model system","volume":"120","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laothaweerungsawat, N., Sirithunyalug, J., and Chaiyana, W. (2020). Chemical compositions and anti-skin-ageing activities of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil from tropical and mediterranean region. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25051101"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pezzani, R., Salehi, B., Vitalini, S., Iriti, M., Zu\u00f1iga, F.A., Sharifi-Rad, J., Martorell, M., and Martins, N. (2019). Synergistic effects of plant derivatives and conventional chemotherapeutic agents: An update on the cancer perspective. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55040110"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new Tetrahydrofuran sesquiterpene skeleton from Artemisia sieberi","volume":"86","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chin. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900013","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201900013","article-title":"Sesquiterpenes from the leaves of Magnolia delavayi Franch. and their cytotoxic activities","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149362","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3149362","article-title":"Anticancer properties of essential oils and other natural products","volume":"2018","author":"Blowman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Compl. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Danin, A. (2012). Plants of Desert Dunes, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1241","article-title":"Cytotoxic leaf essential oils from Neotropical Lauraceae: Synergistic effects of essential oil components","volume":"2","author":"Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, N.A.A., Chhetri, B.K., Dosoky, N.S., Shari, K., Al-Fahad, A.J., Wessjohann, L., and Setzer, W.N. (2017). Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of Ocimum forskolei and Teucrium yemense (Lamiaceae) essential oils. Medicines, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines4020017"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"3293","article-title":"Cytotoxic activity of essential oils from Labiatae and Lauraceae families against in vitro human tumor models","volume":"27","author":"Loizzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2017.05.025","article-title":"Antioxidative and cytotoxic activity of essential oils and extracts of Satureja montana L., Coriandrum sativum L. and Ocimum basilicum L. obtained by supercritical fluid extraction","volume":"128","author":"Elgndi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1193","article-title":"Synergistic effect of Thymbra spicata L. extracts with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains","volume":"19","author":"Haroun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Tackholm, V. (1974). Students\u2019 Flora of Egypt, Cairo University Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thring, T.S.A., Hili, P., and Naughton, D.P. (2009). Anti-collagenase, anti-elastase and anti-oxidant activities of extracts from 21 plants. BMC Compl. Altern. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-9-27"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.05.163","article-title":"Inhibition effects of (+)-catechin\u2013aldehyde polycondensates on proteinases causing proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix","volume":"320","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3923\/jbs.2010.138.144","article-title":"Potency of Indonesian medicinal plants as tyrosinase inhibitor and antioxidant agent","volume":"10","author":"Batubara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)65959-9","article-title":"A modified colorimetric method for the estimation of N-acetylamino sugars","volume":"217","author":"Reissig","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2003.08.005","article-title":"A fluorimetric Morgan\u2013Elson assay method for hyaluronidase activity","volume":"322","author":"Takahashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/82.13.1107","article-title":"New colorimetric cytotoxicity assay for anticancer-drug screening","volume":"82","author":"Skehan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.04.008","article-title":"Fingolimod interrupts the cross talk between estrogen metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism within prostate cancer cells","volume":"291","author":"Allam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/10\/4\/667\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:33:13Z","timestamp":1760362393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/10\/4\/667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["plants10040667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants10040667","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]}}}