{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:59:23Z","timestamp":1779357563772,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Innovation Partnership for Improvement of Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability","award":["204016000016\/80168353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204016000016\/80168353"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A light-emitting diode (LED) system covering plant-receptive wavebands from ultraviolet to far-red radiation (360 to 760 nm, \u201cwhite\u201d light spectrum) was investigated for greenhouse productions of Thymus vulgaris L. Biomass yields and amounts of terpenoids were examined, and the lights\u2019 productivity and electrical efficiency were determined. All results were compared to two conventionally used light fixture types (high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) and fluorescent lights (FL)) under naturally low irradiation conditions during fall and winter in Berlin, Germany. Under LED, development of Thymus vulgaris L. was highly accelerated resulting in distinct fresh yield increases per square meter by 43% and 82.4% compared to HPS and FL, respectively. Dry yields per square meter also increased by 43.1% and 88.6% under LED compared to the HPS and FL lighting systems. While composition of terpenoids remained unaffected, their quantity per gram of leaf dry matter significantly increased under LED and HPS as compared to FL. Further, the power consumption calculations revealed energy savings of 31.3% and 20.1% for LED and FL, respectively, compared to HPS. In conclusion, the implementation of a broad-spectrum LED system has tremendous potential for increasing quantity and quality of Thymus vulgaris L. during naturally insufficient light conditions while significantly reducing energy consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10050960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T22:46:14Z","timestamp":1620859574000},"page":"960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Increased Plant Quality, Greenhouse Productivity and Energy Efficiency with Broad-Spectrum LED Systems: A Case Study for Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8511-4944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny Manuela","family":"Tabbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Analysis and Storage Product Protection, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Julius K\u00fchn Institute\u2014Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, K\u00f6nigin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigin-Luise-Str. 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hartwig","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Analysis and Storage Product Protection, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Julius K\u00fchn Institute\u2014Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, K\u00f6nigin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Consulting &amp; Project Management for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Waltraudstra\u00dfe 4, 14532 Stahnsdorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Kr\u00e4hmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Analysis and Storage Product Protection, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Julius K\u00fchn Institute\u2014Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, K\u00f6nigin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI13144-18","article-title":"Daily light integral: A research review and high-resolution maps of the United States","volume":"53","author":"Faust","year":"2018","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTTECH.12.1.12","article-title":"Mapping monthly distribution of daily light integrals across the contiguous United States","volume":"12","author":"Korczynski","year":"2002","journal-title":"HortTechnology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.40.5.1336","article-title":"Photosynthetic daily light integral during the seedling stage influences subsequent growth and flowering of Celosia, Impatiens, Salvia, Tagetes and Viola","volume":"40","author":"Pramuk","year":"2005","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1139\/cjps-2017-0276","article-title":"Response of growth, yield, and quality of pea shoots to supplemental light-emitting diode lighting during winter greenhouse production","volume":"98","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. 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