{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:29:43Z","timestamp":1772252983565,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Swertia alata C.B Clarke (Gentianaceae) is a well-reported plant in the traditional system of medicine. The present study was intended to isolate the phytoconstituents from the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of S. alata; and evaluate for in vitro COX-1\/COX-2 inhibition activity, in vivo anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activity. Phytoisolation involved partitioning of S. alata ethanolic extract into petroleum ether and chloroform soluble fractions using silica gel-based column chromatography. The isolation afforded two phytoisolates, namely oleanolic acid (SA-1) and 3-hydroxylup-12-(13)-ene-17-carboxylic acid (SA-4). Phytoisolates structures were established by melting point, ultraviolet (UV), attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HMBC) and mass spectrometry. Phytoisolates were further evaluated for in vitro cyclooxygenase (COX-1\/COX-2) inhibitory activity, in vivo anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activity. The study revealed SA-4 (COX-1\/COX-2 inhibition activity of 104\/61.68 \u00b5M with % inhibition of 61.36) to be more effective than SA-1 (COX-1\/COX-2 inhibition activity of 128.4\/87.25 \u00b5M, with % inhibition of 47.72). SA-1 and SA-4, when subjected to ulcerogenic study, exhibited significant gastric tolerance. The current study reports chromatographic isolation and spectrometric characterization of SA-1 and SA-4. The present study concludes that compound SA-4 possess significant anti-inflammatory activity and less irritant property over gastric mucosa with no significant ulcerogenicity in comparison to indomethacin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10061109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T05:53:38Z","timestamp":1622440418000},"page":"1109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Chemical Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Phytoconstituents from Swertia alata"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sakshi","family":"Bajaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shivkanya","family":"Fuloria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9629-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vetriselvan","family":"Subramaniyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur 42610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2689-4079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhanalekshmi Unnikrishnan","family":"Meenakshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat 130, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharad","family":"Wakode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avneet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram 122505, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Himangini","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satish","family":"Manchanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sachin","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neeraj Kumar","family":"Fuloria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"An Annotated Checklist of the Orchids of Western Himalaya, India","volume":"15","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lankesteriana"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"156","article-title":"Physico-Chemical Analysis of Some Temperate Himalayan Swertia Species","volume":"7","author":"Mehta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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