{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:10:47Z","timestamp":1776114647614,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sterculia foetida, also known as jangli badam in Bangladesh, is a traditionally used plant that has pharmacological activities. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed to assess the metabolites in a methanolic extract of S. foetida seeds (MESF), and the cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anti-arthritics, analgesic, and antipyretic activities were examined using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico experiments. Quantitative studies were performed through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. The brine shrimp lethality bioassays and clot lysis were performed to investigate the cytotoxic and thrombolytic activities, respectively. The anti-arthritics activity was assessed using the albumin denaturation assay. Analgesic activity was determined using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the formalin-induced paw-licking test. A molecular docking study was performed, and an online tool was used to perform ADME\/T (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion\/toxicity) and PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances). GC-MS analysis identified 29 compounds in MESF, consisting primarily of phenols, terpenoids, esters, and other organic compounds. MESF showed moderate cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp and significant thrombolytic and anti-arthritics activities compared with the relative standards. The extract also showed a dose-dependent and significant analgesic and antipyretic activities. Docking studies showed that 1-azuleneethanol, acetate returned the best scores for the tested enzymes. These findings suggested that MESF represents a potent source of thrombolytic, anti-arthritic, analgesic, antipyretic agents with moderate cytotoxic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10061135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T21:03:32Z","timestamp":1622754212000},"page":"1135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Chemical Profiling, Pharmacological Insights and In Silico Studies of Methanol Seed Extract of Sterculia foetida"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5255-5142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Najmul","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4203, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naureen","family":"Banu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md. Arfin Ibn","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4203, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niloy","family":"Barua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4203, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umme","family":"Ruman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8834-1755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israt","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farhana Jahan","family":"Chy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susmita","family":"Denath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Rangpur Medical College, Rajshahi Medical University, Rajshahi 6000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2767-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkajyoti","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4203, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2329-0867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Nazim Uddin","family":"Chy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4203, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Aktar","family":"Sayeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3188-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talha Bin","family":"Emran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9215-9737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesus","family":"Simal-Gandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo\u2013Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.09.012","article-title":"Drug discovery from medicinal plants","volume":"78","author":"Balunas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"50","article-title":"Medicinal plant diversity and local healthcare among the people living in and around a conservation area of Northern Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Mukul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. For. Usufructs Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haque, M., Chowdhury, A.B.M., Shahjahan, M., and Harun, G.D. (2018). Traditional healing practices in rural Bangladesh: A qualitative investigation. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2129-5"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3329\/bjpt.v19i1.10943","article-title":"A synoptical account of the Sterculiaceae in Bangladesh","volume":"19","author":"Rahman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"28","article-title":"Phytochemical Screening and in-vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Extract of Sterculia foetida L.","volume":"11","author":"Uddin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOSR J. Pharm. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/01478885.2019.1592832","article-title":"Phytochemical screening of Sterculia foetida seed extract for anti-oxidant, anti-microbial activity, and detection of apoptosis through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decrease, and nuclear fragmentation in human osteosarcoma cells","volume":"42","author":"Jafri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Histotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"239","article-title":"A Review on Sterculia foetida Linn","volume":"7","author":"Kavitha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"872","article-title":"In-vitro antidermatophytic activity of low polar petroleum ether and inter polar methanolic seed extracts of Sterculia foetida L.","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharma. Bio. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-4964(15)60161-3","article-title":"A review of traditional use, phytoconstituents and biological activities of Himalayan yew, Taxus wallichiana","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amuthavalli, A., and Ramesh, T. (2021). Phytochemical, Fluorescence and GC-MS Analysis of Methanolic Extract of Sterculia foetida L. Seeds. Int. J. Environ. Agric. Biotech., 6.","DOI":"10.22161\/ijeab.61.7"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971236","article-title":"Brine Shrimp: A Convenient General Bioassay for Active Plant Constituents","volume":"45","author":"Meyer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2010.519390","article-title":"Cytotoxicity, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids","volume":"49","author":"Kartal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharma. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"91","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of cytotoxic activity of flower, leaf, stem and root extracts of five Artemisia species","volume":"9","author":"Gordanian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Pharma. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1038\/368753a0","article-title":"Deletions of the cyclin-dependent kinase-4 inhibitor gene in multiple human cancers","volume":"368","author":"Nobori","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.4038\/jnsfsr.v36i2.151","article-title":"In vitro thrombolytic activity of Sri Lankan black tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze","volume":"36","author":"Ratnasooriya","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Natn. Sci. Found. Sri. Lanka"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.13.1233","article-title":"Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Relation to Risk of Ischemic Stroke","volume":"282","author":"Joshipura","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.4.922","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Women\u2019s Health Study","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"194","article-title":"In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Raupya (Silver) Bhasma","volume":"5","author":"Prasad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharma. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"111","article-title":"Study of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity from plant extracts of Lactuca scariola and Artemisia absinthium","volume":"5","author":"Khan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Islamic. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"64","article-title":"Studies on hypersensitivity. II. Delayed hypersensitivity to denatured proteins in guinea pigs","volume":"2","author":"Gell","year":"1959","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114182","article-title":"Central and peripheral pain intervention by Ophiorrhiza rugosa leaves: Potential underlying mechanisms and insight into the role of pain modulators","volume":"276","author":"Adnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Insel, P.A. (1996). Analgesic-Antipyretic and Antiinflammatory Agents and Drugs Employed in the Treatment of Gout. Pharmacol. Basic Ther., 617\u2013657."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omar, F., Tareq, A.M., Alqahtani, A.M., Dhama, K., Sayeed, M.A., Emran, T.B., and Simal-Gandara, J. (2021). Plant-based Indole Alkaloids: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082297"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1573(200009)14:6<401::AID-PTR762>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Naturally occurring antinociceptive substances from plants","volume":"14","author":"Calixto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6725","article-title":"Pharmacological studies on the antinociceptive, anxiolytic and antidepressant activity of Tinospora crispa","volume":"34","author":"Rakib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(01)01374-1","article-title":"Involvement of vanilloid receptor TRPV1 and prostanoids in the acid-induced writhing responses of mice","volume":"69","author":"Ueno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(98)01185-7","article-title":"The role of IP prostanoid receptors in inflammatory pain","volume":"19","author":"Bley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, K., Gritsenko, K., and Wahezi, S. (2017). Animal Models of Nociception and Pain, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43133-8_6"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00523-6","article-title":"The major role of peripheral release of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in formalin-induced nociception","volume":"102","author":"Parada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"In vivo neuroprotective, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory potential in Swiss albino mice and in vitro antioxidant and clot lysis activities of fractionated Holigarna longifolia Roxb. bark extract","volume":"17","author":"Uddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Complement. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-969150","article-title":"Pharmacological actions of tannic acid; II. Evaluation of CNS activity in animals","volume":"31","author":"Takahashi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"319","article-title":"Evaluation of the analgesic effect of RG-tannin using the \u201chot plate\u201dand\u201ctailflick\u201dmethod in mice","volume":"37","author":"Starec","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ceskoslovensk\u00e1 Farm."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Bone, K., and Mills, S. (2012). Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.2006.28.3.985229","article-title":"Analgesic activity of the methanol extract and total alkaloids of Glaucium paucilobum","volume":"28","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/JALSI\/2018\/39073","article-title":"Sedative, anxiolytic, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of a chloroform extract from the leaves of Urena sinuata (Borss) L. in rodents","volume":"16","author":"Emran","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Life Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.12.015","article-title":"Differentiation of opioid receptor preference by [Dmt1]endomorphin-2-mediated antinociception in the mouse","volume":"509","author":"Jinsmaa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.060061","article-title":"Novel 2\u2032,6\u2032-Dimethyl-Tyrosine-Containing Pyrazinone Opioid Mimetic \u03bc-Agonists with Potent Antinociceptive Activity in Mice","volume":"309","author":"Jinsmaa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2017.70114","article-title":"In vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory potential in Swiss albino mice and in vitro thrombolytic activity of hydroalcoholic fruits extract from Daemonorops robusta Warb","volume":"7","author":"Uddin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharma. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.40.2452","article-title":"Inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis from Dalbergia odorifera","volume":"40","author":"Goda","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chem. Pharma. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1339","article-title":"Antipyretic and hepatoprotective potential of Tinospora crispa and investigation of possible lead compounds through in silico approaches","volume":"8","author":"Rakib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.01.044","article-title":"Phytochemical profiling, in vitro biological properties and in silico studies on Caragana ambigua stocks (Fabaceae): A comprehensive approach","volume":"131","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Harbone, J.B. (1973). Phytochemical methods, a guide to modern techniques of plants analysis. Comp. Biochem. Flavonoids, 221\u2013222."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Mahmud, Z., Qais, N., Bachar, S.C., Hasan, C.M., Emran, T.B., and Uddin, M.M.N. (2017). Phytochemical investigations and antioxidant potential of leaf of Leea macrophylla (Roxb.). BMC Res. Notes, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2503-2"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, J., Tareq, A.M., Hossain, M.M., Sakib, S.A., Islam, M.N., Uddin, A.B.M.N., Hoque, M., Nasrin, M.S., Ali, M.H., and Caiazzo, E. (2020). Biological evaluation, DFT calculations and molecular docking studies on the antidepressant and cytotoxicity activities of Cycas pectinata Buch.-Ham. Compounds. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13090232"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-9560-4-14","article-title":"Development of an in vitro model to study clot lysis activity of thrombolytic drugs","volume":"4","author":"Prasad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thromb. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emran, T.B., Rahman, M.A., Uddin, M.M.N., Rahman, M.M., Uddin, M.Z., Dash, R., and Layzu, C. (2015). Effects of organic extracts and their different fractions of five Bangladeshi plants on in vitro thrombolysis. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0643-2"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"100772","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro evaluation of pharmacological activities of Adenia trilobata (Roxb.)","volume":"23","author":"Barua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1968.tb09718.x","article-title":"Interaction of anti-inflammatory drugs with serum proteins, especially with some biologically active proteins","volume":"20","author":"Mizushima","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahan, I., Tona, M.R., Sharmin, S., Sayeed, M.A., Tania, F.Z., Paul, A., Chy, M., Uddin, N., Rakib, A., and Emran, T.B. (2020). GC-MS phytochemical profiling, pharmacological properties, and in silico studies of Chukrasia velutina leaves: A novel source for bioactive agents. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153536"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bristy, T.A., Barua, N., Tareq, A.M., Sakib, S.A., Etu, S.T., Chowdhury, K.H., Jyoti, M.A., Aziz, M., Ibn, A., and Reza, A. (2020). Deciphering the pharmacological properties of methanol extract of Psychotria calocarpa leaves by in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13080183"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s40816-020-00207-7","article-title":"Membrane stabilization as a mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic root extract of Choi (Piper chaba)","volume":"6","author":"Yesmin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Phytosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60012-9","article-title":"Antinociceptive activity of Ricinus communis L. leaves","volume":"1","author":"Taur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40816-019-0127-x","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro pharmacological activities of Tacca integrifolia rhizome and investigation of possible lead compounds against breast cancer through in silico approaches","volume":"5","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Phytosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakib, S.A., Tareq, A.M., Islam, A., Rakib, A., Islam, M.N., Uddin, M.A., Rahman, M.M., Emran, T.B., and Seidel, V. (2021). Anti-Inflammatory, Thrombolytic and Hair-Growth Promoting Activity of the n-Hexane Fraction of the Methanol Extract of Leea indica Leaves. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10061081"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.01.025","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extract of Holigarna caustica (Dennst.) Oken leaves","volume":"236","author":"Adnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"2908","article-title":"Analysis of fixed oil from Sterculia foetida linn","volume":"2","author":"Kale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharma. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444902003451","article-title":"The Protein Data Bank","volume":"58","author":"Berman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Cryst. D Biol. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81717-1","article-title":"The Structural Basis of Estrogen Receptor\/Coactivator Recognition and the Antagonism of This Interaction by Tamoxifen","volume":"95","author":"Shiau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21713","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.35.21713","article-title":"Structural mapping of the active site specificity determinants of human tissue-type plasminogen activator. Implications for the design of low molecular weight substrates and inhibitors","volume":"272","author":"Renatus","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28096","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M701335200","article-title":"Structural basis of enantioselective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 by S-alpha-substituted indomethacin ethanolamides","volume":"282","author":"Harman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/384644a0","article-title":"Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by anti-inflammatory agents","volume":"384","author":"Kurumbail","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/10\/6\/1135\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:10:29Z","timestamp":1760163029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/10\/6\/1135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["plants10061135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants10061135","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]}}}