{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T21:09:20Z","timestamp":1782508160451,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002471","name":"Dongguk University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002471","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry","award":["317011-04-3-HD020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["317011-04-3-HD020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many pathogenic viral pandemics have caused threats to global health; the COVID-19 pandemic is the latest. Its transmission is growing exponentially all around the globe, putting constraints on the health system worldwide. A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes this pandemic. Many candidate vaccines are available at this time for COVID-19, and there is a massive international race underway to procure as many vaccines as possible for each country. However, due to heavy global demand, there are strains in global vaccine production. The use of a plant biotechnology-based expression system for vaccine production also represents one part of this international effort, which is to develop plant-based heterologous expression systems, virus-like particles (VLPs)-vaccines, antiviral drugs, and a rapid supply of antigen-antibodies for detecting kits and plant origin bioactive compounds that boost the immunity and provide tolerance to fight against the virus infection. This review will look at the plant biotechnology platform that can provide the best fight against this global pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10061213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T21:24:29Z","timestamp":1623792269000},"page":"1213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Comprehensive Overview on the Production of Vaccines in Plant-Based Expression Systems and the Scope of Plant Biotechnology to Combat against SARS-CoV-2 Virus Pandemics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3490-5062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manu","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisha","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8761-0837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nishant","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Pathology, Yeouido St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 10, 63-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07345, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7688-6069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shashi Kant","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3874-4502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganesh Dattatraya","family":"Saratale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6527-3745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gajanan","family":"Ghodake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhupendra M.","family":"Mistry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1018-4416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hemasundar","family":"Alavilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8704-6973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. S.","family":"Kishor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueshi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Min","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1637-5","article-title":"Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission","volume":"63","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021, June 14). WHO (World Health Organization). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2021, June 14). WHO (World Health Organization). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E639","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30114-5","article-title":"Use of antiviral drugs to reduce COVID-19 transmission","volume":"8","author":"Mitja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, M., Schroeder, S., Kleine-Weber, H., Muller, M.A., Drosten, C., and Pohlmann, S. (2020). Nafamostat Mesylate Blocks Activation of SARS-CoV-2: New Treatment Option for COVID-19. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 64.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00754-20"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"483a","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism of mannose binding lectin 2: A potential new risk factor for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients","volume":"60","author":"Engelmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21656","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics","volume":"81","author":"Gurwitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21672","article-title":"Response to recent commentaries regarding the involvement of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and renin-angiotensin system blockers in SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"81","author":"Speth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4783","article-title":"Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 With Convalescent Plasma","volume":"323","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1932","article-title":"Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"369","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0746-0","article-title":"Next-generation vaccine platforms for COVID-19","volume":"19","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/001891-0","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine efficacy in ferrets: Whole killed virus and adenovirus-vectored vaccines","volume":"89","author":"See","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.04.065","article-title":"Adenovirus-based vaccine prevents pneumonia in ferrets challenged with the SARS coronavirus and stimulates robust immune responses in macaques","volume":"25","author":"Kobinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.07.031","article-title":"Intranasal immunization with inactivated SARS-CoV (SARS-associated coronavirus) induced local and serum antibodies in mice","volume":"23","author":"Qu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.05.001","article-title":"Recombinant live attenuated influenza vaccine viruses carrying CD8 T-cell epitopes of respiratory syncytial virus protect mice against both pathogens without inflammatory disease","volume":"168","author":"Kotomina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1089\/10430340360464688","article-title":"Development of an adenovirus-shedding assay for the detection of adenoviral vector-based vaccine and gene therapy products in clinical specimens","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-00751-9","article-title":"Don\u2019t rush to deploy COVID-19 vaccines and drugs","volume":"579","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvatori, G., Luberto, L., Maffei, M., Aurisicchio, L., Roscilli, G., Palombo, F., and Marra, E. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 SPIKE PROTEIN: An optimal immunological target for vaccines. J. Transl. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02392-y"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armbruster, N., Jasny, E., and Petsch, B. (2019). Advances in RNA Vaccines for Preventive Indications: A Case Study of a Vaccine against Rabies. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040132"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024","article-title":"A Thermostable mRNA Vaccine against COVID-19","volume":"182","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0387-5","article-title":"A novel receptor-binding domain (RBD)-based mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"10","author":"Tai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbett, K.S., Flynn, B., Foulds, K.E., Francica, J.R., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Werner, A.P., Flach, B., O\u2019Connell, S., Bock, K.W., and Minai, M. (2020). Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates. N. Engl. J. Med.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024671"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egan, K.P., Hook, L.M., Naughton, A., Pardi, N., Awasthi, S., Cohen, G.H., Weissman, D., and Friedman, H.M. (2020). An HSV-2 nucleoside-modified mRNA genital herpes vaccine containing glycoproteins gC, gD, and gE protects mice against HSV-1 genital lesions and latent infection. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008795"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022483","article-title":"An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2-. Preliminary Report","volume":"383","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.213","article-title":"Designing a novel mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: An immunoinformatics approach","volume":"162","author":"Ahammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2019.100766","article-title":"Three decades of messenger RNA vaccine development","volume":"28","author":"Verbeke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20653-8","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein vaccine candidate NVX-CoV2373 immunogenicity in baboons and protection in mice","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.03.002","article-title":"A Sequence Homology and Bioinformatic Approach Can Predict Candidate Targets for Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"27","author":"Grifoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb3405","article-title":"Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 main protease provides a basis for design of improved alpha-ketoamide inhibitors","volume":"368","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2005.08.002","article-title":"(How) do aluminium adjuvants work?","volume":"102","author":"Brewer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2013.773326","article-title":"Particulate Adjuvant and Innate Immunity: Past Achievements, Present Findings, and Future Prospects","volume":"32","author":"Kuroda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(74)90458-6","article-title":"Minimal structural requirements for adjuvant activity of bacterial peptidoglycan derivatives","volume":"59","author":"Ellouz","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.35.2.417-424.1982","article-title":"Biological activity of a new synthetic muramyl peptide adjuvant devoid of pyrogenicity","volume":"35","author":"Chedid","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00498-9","article-title":"Adjuvants designed for veterinary and human vaccines","volume":"19","author":"Aucouturier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.06.011","article-title":"Mucosal application of cationic poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles as carriers of DNA vaccine and adjuvants to protect chickens against infectious bursal disease","volume":"31","author":"Negash","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.3390\/md9061038","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles act as an adjuvant to promote both Th1 and Th2 immune responses induced by ovalbumin in mice","volume":"9","author":"Wen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19902","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313152110","article-title":"Nanoparticle conjugation of CpG enhances adjuvancy for cellular immunity and memory recall at low dose","volume":"110","author":"Ballester","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12173","article-title":"T h1 immune responses can be modulated by varying dimethyldioctadecylammonium and distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine content in liposomal adjuvants","volume":"66","author":"Hussain","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharmacy Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.05.010","article-title":"Targeting tumor antigens to dendritic cells using particulate carriers","volume":"161","author":"Joshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.01.107","article-title":"Novel human polysaccharide adjuvants with dual Th1 and Th2 potentiating activity","volume":"24","author":"Petrovsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0818-9641.2004.01272.x","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvants: Current state and future trends","volume":"82","author":"Petrovsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-0972-0","article-title":"The mechanisms of action of vaccines containing aluminum adjuvants: An in vitro vs in vivo paradigm","volume":"4","author":"Ghimire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00169-X","article-title":"Mechanisms of stimulation of the immune response by aluminum adjuvants","volume":"20","author":"Hogenesch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13406","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M500687200","article-title":"Effects of adsorption to aluminum salt adjuvants on the structure and stability of model protein antigens","volume":"280","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.05.048","article-title":"Tuberculosis vaccine candidate: Characterization of H4-IC31 formulation and H4 antigen conformation","volume":"157","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.02.024","article-title":"RNA-based adjuvant CV8102 enhances the immunogenicity of a licensed rabies vaccine in a first-in-human trial","volume":"37","author":"Doener","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601129","article-title":"A new RNA-based adjuvant enhances virus-specific vaccine responses by locally triggering TLR-and RLH-dependent effects","volume":"198","author":"Ziegler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29402","article-title":"A novel RNA-based adjuvant combines strong immunostimulatory capacities with a favorable safety profile","volume":"137","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.11.192","article-title":"Development and evaluation of AS03, an Adjuvant System containing \u03b1-tocopherol and squalene in an oil-in-water emulsion","volume":"11","author":"Vaughn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.01.011","article-title":"Adjuvant System AS03 containing \u03b1-tocopherol modulates innate immune response and leads to improved adaptive immunity","volume":"29","author":"Morel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.048","article-title":"Safety of AS03-adjuvanted influenza vaccines: A review of the evidence","volume":"37","author":"Cohet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.01.039","article-title":"Immune enhancing properties of the novel Matrix-M\u2122 adjuvant leads to potentiated immune responses to an influenza vaccine in mice","volume":"31","author":"Magnusson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reimer, J.M., Karlsson, K.H., L\u00f6vgren-Bengtsson, K., Magnusson, S.E., Fuentes, A., and Stertman, L. (2012). Matrix-M\u2122 adjuvant induces local recruitment, activation and maturation of central immune cells in absence of antigen. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041451"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00256.x","article-title":"Matrix-M adjuvanted virosomal H5N1 vaccine confers protection against lethal viral challenge in a murine model","volume":"5","author":"Pedersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.044","article-title":"Intramuscular Matrix-M-adjuvanted virosomal H5N1 vaccine induces high frequencies of multifunctional Th1 CD4+ cells and strong antibody responses in mice","volume":"27","author":"Madhun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.071","article-title":"Antibody and T-cell responses to a virosomal adjuvanted H9N2 avian influenza vaccine: Impact of distinct additional adjuvants","volume":"26","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox, F., Roos, A., Hafkemeijer, N., Baart, M., Tolboom, J., Dekking, L., Stittelaar, K., Goudsmit, J., Rado\u0161evi\u0107, K., and Saeland, E. (2015). Matrix-M adjuvated seasonal virosomal influenza vaccine induces partial protection in mice and ferrets against avian H5 and H7 challenge. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135723"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107519","article-title":"Molecular farming-The slope of enlightenment","volume":"40","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/342076a0","article-title":"Production of antibodies in transgenic plants","volume":"342","author":"Hiatt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1177","article-title":"The production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in plants","volume":"4","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-050213-035850","article-title":"Plant molecular pharming for the treatment of chronic and infectious diseases","volume":"65","author":"Stoger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-071015-041706","article-title":"Plant Molecular Farming: Much More than Medicines","volume":"9","author":"Tschofen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. (Palo Alto Calif.)"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosales-Mendoza, S., Marquez-Escobar, V.A., Gonzalez-Ortega, O., Nieto-Gomez, R., and Arevalo-Villalobos, J.I. (2020). What Does Plant-Based Vaccine Technology Offer to the Fight against COVID-19?. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020183"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"217","article-title":"Production of correctly processed human serum albumin in transgenic plants","volume":"8","author":"Sijmons","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2003.10.002","article-title":"Molecular farming in plants: Host systems and expression technology","volume":"21","author":"Twyman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-014-0279-5","article-title":"Current status of viral expression systems in plants and perspectives for oral vaccines development","volume":"87","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosales-Mendoza, S. (2014). Mucosal Immunology and Oral Vaccination. Genetically Engineered Plants as a Source of Vaccines Against Wide Spread Diseases: An Integrated View, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0850-9"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.9","article-title":"High-efficiency transformation by biolistics of soybean, common bean and cotton transgenic plants","volume":"3","author":"Rech","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1017\/S0960258511000341","article-title":"Seeds, recombinant DNA and biodiversity","volume":"22","author":"Rech","year":"2012","journal-title":"Seed Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9062","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503760102","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) S protein production in plants: Development of recombinant vaccine","volume":"102","author":"Pogrebnyak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020623100808","article-title":"Accumulation of recombinant SARS-CoV spike protein in plant cytosol and chloroplasts indicate potential for development of plant-derived oral vaccines","volume":"231","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.073","article-title":"Boosted expression of the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein in tobacco and its immunogenicity in mice","volume":"27","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00054","article-title":"Antigen Production in Plant to Tackle Infectious Diseases Flare Up: The Case of SARS","volume":"7","author":"Demurtas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-120215-035349","article-title":"Vaccination via Chloroplast Genetics: Affordable Protein Drugs for the Prevention and Treatment of Inherited or Infectious Human Diseases","volume":"50","author":"Daniell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9865-4_14","article-title":"Emerging Genome Engineering Tools in Crop Research and Breeding","volume":"2072","author":"Bilichak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-016-2551-1","article-title":"Chloroplasts: State of research and practical applications of plastome sequencing","volume":"244","author":"Olejniczak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pch139","article-title":"Production of polyhydroxybutyrate by polycistronic expression of bacterial genes in tobacco plastid","volume":"45","author":"Arai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosales-Mendoza, S. (2014). Plastid-Based Expression Strategies. Genetically Engineered Plants as a Source of Vaccines Against Wide Spread Diseases: An Integrated View, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0850-9"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15546","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400149101","article-title":"In planta engineering of viral RNA replicons: Efficient assembly by recombination of DNA modules delivered by Agrobacterium (vol 18, pg 3852, 2004)","volume":"101","author":"Marillonnet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12412","article-title":"When plant virology met Agrobacterium: The rise of the deconstructed clones","volume":"13","author":"Peyret","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2017.1232167","article-title":"Plant-based vaccines against respiratory diseases: Current status and future prospects","volume":"16","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.03.064","article-title":"Transient expression of VP2 in Nicotiana benthamiana and its use as a plant-based vaccine against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus","volume":"31","author":"Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2006.00005.x","article-title":"A launch vector for the production of vaccine antigens in plants","volume":"1","author":"Musiychuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-014-0205-0","article-title":"Plant-based vaccines against viruses","volume":"11","author":"Rybicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2008.00384.x","article-title":"Influenza virus-like particles produced by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana induce a protective immune response against a lethal viral challenge in mice","volume":"6","author":"Lavoie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landry, N., Ward, B.J., Trepanier, S., Montomoli, E., Dargis, M., Lapini, G., and Vezina, L.P. (2010). Preclinical and clinical development of plant-made virus-like particle vaccine against avian H5N1 influenza. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015559"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12301","article-title":"Biochemical composition of haemagglutinin-based influenza virus-like particle vaccine produced by transient expression in tobacco plants","volume":"13","author":"Mercier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.34365","article-title":"Immunogenicity of H1N1 influenza virus-like particles produced in Nicotiana benthamiana","volume":"11","author":"Shoji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00295.x","article-title":"A plant-based system for rapid production of influenza vaccine antigens","volume":"6","author":"Shoji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.7.0.14561","article-title":"Plant-based rapid production of recombinant subunit hemagglutinin vaccines targeting H1N1 and H5N1 influenza","volume":"7","author":"Shoji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.10.017","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a plant-produced recombinant monomer hemagglutinin-based influenza vaccine derived from influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus: A Phase 1 dose-escalation study in healthy adults","volume":"32","author":"Cummings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.04.011","article-title":"A new adjuvanted nanoparticle-based H1N1 influenza vaccine induced antigen-specific local mucosal and systemic immune responses after administration into the lung","volume":"32","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, J., Stobart, C.C., Hotard, A.L., and Moore, M.L. (2014). An overview of respiratory syncytial virus. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004016"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30938-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: A systematic review and modelling study","volume":"390","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy991","article-title":"Severe Morbidity and Mortality Associated With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Versus Influenza Infection in Hospitalized Older Adults","volume":"69","author":"Ackerson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.15232","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus immunisation overview","volume":"56","author":"Foley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008979525909","article-title":"Oral immunization of mice with transgenic tomato fruit expressing respiratory syncytial virus-F protein induces a systemic immune response","volume":"9","author":"Sandhu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transgenic Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3251-3260.2000","article-title":"Heterologous expression of an immunogenic pneumococcal type 3 capsular polysaccharide in Lactococcus lactis","volume":"68","author":"Gilbert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.1.144","article-title":"Update on meningococcal disease with emphasis on pathogenesis and clinical management","volume":"13","author":"Brandtzaeg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, C.M., Fry, S.C., Gough, K.C., Patel, A.J.F., Glenn, S., Goldrick, M., Roberts, I.S., Whitelam, G.C., and Andrew, P.W. (2014). Recombinant Plants Provide a New Approach to the Production of Bacterial Polysaccharide for Vaccines. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088144"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.12.004","article-title":"Anthrax toxin: The long and winding road that leads to the kill","volume":"13","author":"Abrami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.08.016","article-title":"New insights into the biological effects of anthrax toxins: Linking cellular to organismal responses","volume":"14","author":"Guichard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.7.4043-4053.2005","article-title":"Oral spore vaccine based on live attenuated nontoxinogenic Bacillus anthracis expressing recombinant mutant protective antigen","volume":"73","author":"Gat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.09.010","article-title":"Towards a human oral vaccine for anthrax: The utility of a Salmonella Typhi Ty21a-based prime-boost immunization strategy","volume":"26","author":"Baillie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00070-07","article-title":"Mucosal immunization with a novel nanoemulsion-based recombinant anthrax protective antigen vaccine protects against Bacillus anthracis spore challenge","volume":"75","author":"Bielinska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2005.01.028","article-title":"Molecular basis for improved anthrax vaccines","volume":"57","author":"Brey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1517\/14728214.10.1.185","article-title":"Transgenic plants in the biopharmaceutical market","volume":"10","author":"Twyman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(03)00026-0","article-title":"Plant cell factories and mucosal vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Walmsley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02625-6","article-title":"Expression of protective antigen in transgenic plants: A step towards edible vaccine against anthrax","volume":"299","author":"Aziz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3215fje","article-title":"Transformation of an edible crop with the pagA gene of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"19","author":"Aziz","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2014.01.033","article-title":"Generation of protective immune response against anthrax by oral immunization with protective antigen plant-based vaccine","volume":"176","author":"Gorantala","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.23233","article-title":"A plant-produced protective antigen vaccine confers protection in rabbits against a lethal aerosolized challenge with Bacillus anthracis Ames spores","volume":"9","author":"Chichester","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1089\/hyb.2008.0008","article-title":"Plant-produced hepatitis B core protein chimera carrying anthrax protective antigen domain-4","volume":"27","author":"Bandurska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hybridoma (Larchmt)"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2017.1378641","article-title":"Successes and failures in human tuberculosis vaccine development","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gms068","article-title":"Oral immunogenicity of potato-derived antigens to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. (Shanghai)"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12185","article-title":"Plant-derived recombinant immune complexes as self-adjuvanting TB immunogens for mucosal boosting of BCG","volume":"12","author":"Pepponi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.08.009","article-title":"Oral immunogenicity of a plant-made, subunit, tuberculosis vaccine","volume":"24","author":"Rigano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-003-0718-2","article-title":"Production of a fusion protein consisting of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin B subunit and a tuberculosis antigen in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"22","author":"Rigano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant. Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/316304","article-title":"Oral Immunogenicity of Plant-Made Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT6 and CFP10","volume":"2013","author":"Uvarova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakshmi, P.S., Verma, D., Yang, X.D., Lloyd, B., and Daniell, H. (2013). Low Cost Tuberculosis Vaccine Antigens in Capsules: Expression in Chloroplasts, Bio-Encapsulation, Stability and Functional Evaluation In Vitro. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054708"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.4.2116","article-title":"A plant-based allergy vaccine suppresses experimental asthma via an IFN-gamma and CD4(+) CD45RB(low) T cell-dependent mechanism","volume":"171","author":"Smart","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2011.00613.x","article-title":"Prevention of allergic asthma by vaccination with transgenic rice seed expressing mite allergen: Induction of allergen-specific oral tolerance without bystander suppression","volume":"9","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"143","article-title":"Global strategy for asthma management and prevention: GINA executive summary (vol 31, pg 143, 2008)","volume":"51","author":"Bateman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2013.01.002","article-title":"Production of a chimeric allergen derived from the major allergen group 1 of house dust mite species in Nicotiana benthamiana","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2014.913483","article-title":"Immunological aspects of using plant cells as delivery vehicles for oral vaccines","volume":"13","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M.F., Chiang, C.H., Li, Y.L., Wang, N.M., Song, P.P., Lin, S.J., and Chen, Y.H. (2018). Oral edible plant vaccine containing hypoallergen of American cockroach major allergen Per a 2 prevents roach-allergic asthma in a murine model. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201281"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perotti, M., and Perez, L. (2019). Virus-Like Particles and Nanoparticles for Vaccine Development against HCMV. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010035"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2868","article-title":"Vaccine delivery: A matter of size, geometry, kinetics and molecular patterns","volume":"10","author":"Bachmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00779","article-title":"Substitution of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 L2 Neutralizing Epitopes Into L1 Surface Loops: The Effect on Virus-Like Particle Assembly and Immunogenicity","volume":"10","author":"Chabeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2015.11.001","article-title":"Self-assembling protein nanoparticles in the design of vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Malito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737984","article-title":"Nanoparticles target distinct dendritic cell populations according to their size","volume":"38","author":"Manolova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, B.J., Gobeil, P., S\u00e9guin, A., Atkins, J., Boulay, I., Charbonneau, P.-Y., Couture, M., D\u2019Aoust, M.-A., Dhaliwall, J., and Finkle, C. (2020). Phase 1 trial of a Candidate Recombinant Virus-Like Particle Vaccine for Covid-19 Disease Produced in Plants. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.04.20226282"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0737-y","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential nanomaterial path forward","volume":"15","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8557","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.0c01978","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Based Strategies to Combat COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Medhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27141","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014352117","article-title":"Decoy nanoparticles protect against COVID-19 by concurrently adsorbing viruses and inflammatory cytokines","volume":"117","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-020-00685-4","article-title":"How can nanotechnology help to combat COVID-19? Opportunities and urgent need","volume":"18","author":"Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000979","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000979","article-title":"Nanotechnology Responses to COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Darder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurunathan, S., Qasim, M., Choi, Y., Do, J.T., Park, C., Hong, K., Kim, J.H., and Song, H. (2020). Antiviral Potential of Nanoparticles-Can Nanoparticles Fight Against Coronaviruses?. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10091645"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamedov, T., Yuksel, D., Ilg\u0131n, M., G\u00fcrb\u00fczaslan, \u0130., Gulec, B., Mammadova, G., Say, D., and Hasanova, G. (2020). Engineering, production and characterization of Spike and Nucleocapsid structural proteins of SARS\u2013CoV-2 in Nicotiana benthamiana as vaccine candidates against COVID-19. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.29.424779"},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Medicago (2021, May 28). COVID-19 Vaccine and Antibody Development Program. Available online: https:\/\/www.medicago.com\/en\/covid-19-programs\/."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"BAT (2021, June 14). BAT Makes Progress on COVID-19 Vaccine & Provides Community Support. Available online: https:\/\/www.bat.com\/group\/sites\/UK__9D9KCY.nsf\/vwPagesWebLive\/DOBPMBZC."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"iBio (2021, June 14). iBio Announces Development of Proprietary COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates. Available online: https:\/\/www.ibioinc.com\/therapeutics-and-vaccines#covid-19-overview."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.12.150","article-title":"Hepatitis B core-based virus-like particles to present heterologous epitopes","volume":"12","author":"Roose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2021.e00605","article-title":"Hepatitis B core-based virus-like particles: A platform for vaccine development in plants","volume":"29","author":"Hemmati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahmanova, G., Mazalovska, M., Takova, K., Toneva, V., Minkov, I., Peyret, H., and Lomonossoff, G. (2021). Efficient Production of Chimeric Hepatitis B Virus-Like Particles Bearing an Epitope of Hepatitis E Virus Capsid by Transient Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11010064"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12460","article-title":"Plant-made pharmaceuticals: From \u2018Edible Vaccines\u2019 to Ebola therapeutics","volume":"13","author":"Arntzen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-019-00515-8","article-title":"Prevalence of poliovirus vaccine strains in randomized stool samples from 2010 to 2018: Encompassing transition from the trivalent to bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine","volume":"30","author":"Chansaenroj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00072","article-title":"Synthesis and Assembly of Hepatitis B Virus-Like Particles in a Pichia pastoris Cell-Free System","volume":"8","author":"Spice","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2009.00496.x","article-title":"The production of hemagglutinin-based virus-like particles in plants: A rapid, efficient and safe response to pandemic influenza","volume":"8","author":"Couture","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodgins, B., Pillet, S., Landry, N., and Ward, B.J. (2019). A plant-derived VLP influenza vaccine elicits a balanced immune response even in very old mice with co-morbidities. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210009"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.163","article-title":"Norwalk virus-like particles as vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Mason","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800238","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201800238","article-title":"Chimaeric Rift Valley Fever Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Candidate Production in Nicotiana benthamiana","volume":"14","author":"Mbewana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyers, A., Chakauya, E., Shephard, E., Tanzer, F.L., Maclean, J., Lynch, A., Williamson, A.L., and Rybicki, E.P. (2008). Expression of HIV-1 antigens in plants as potential subunit vaccines. BMC Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-8-53"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.06.028","article-title":"Recombinant HIV-1 Pr55gag virus-like particles: Potent stimulators of innate and acquired immune responses","volume":"42","author":"Deml","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2018.e00283","article-title":"Minimally processed crude leaf extracts of Nicotiana benthamiana containing recombinant foot and mouth disease virus-like particles are immunogenic in mice","volume":"20","author":"Ruiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep. (Amst.)"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.04.111","article-title":"Assembly of human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like particles","volume":"318","author":"Ho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, B.K., Hu, Q.X., Hu, H., Zhou, P., Shi, Z.L., Meng, J., Lu, B.J., Huang, Y., Mao, P.Y., and Wang, H. (2008). Virus-Like Particles of SARS-Like Coronavirus Formed by Membrane Proteins from Different Origins Demonstrate Stimulating Activity in Human Dendritic Cells. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002685"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03231.x","article-title":"Effect of mucosal and systemic immunization with virus-like particles of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in mice","volume":"130","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1408.002","article-title":"The molecular biology of SARS coronavirus","volume":"1102","author":"Satija","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balke, I., and Zeltins, A. (2020). Recent Advances in the Use of Plant Virus-Like Particles as Vaccines. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030270"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11248-005-5697-3","article-title":"Risk analysis for plant-made vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Kirk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transgenic Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0208-241a","article-title":"Allergenicity assessment of genetically modified crops-what makes sense? (vol 26, pg 73, 2008)","volume":"26","author":"Goodman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1159\/000066770","article-title":"Carbohydrate epitopes and their relevance for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases","volume":"129","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2005.01340.x","article-title":"The next 15 years: Taking plant-made vaccines beyond proof of concept","volume":"83","author":"Kirk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-014-0303-0","article-title":"Novel transgenic rice-based vaccines","volume":"63","author":"Azegami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.)"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/10\/6\/1213\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:14:22Z","timestamp":1760163262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/10\/6\/1213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["plants10061213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants10061213","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]}}}