{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T17:15:10Z","timestamp":1783530910136,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lavandula Stoechas L. is widely known for its pharmacological properties. This study was performed to identify its biomolecules, which are responsible for enhancement of memory. L. stoechas aqueous extract was first purified by liquid column chromatography. The purified fractions were analyzed for in vitro anti-cholinesterase activity. The fraction that produced the best anti-cholinesterase activity was named an active fraction of L. stoechas (AfL.s). This was then subjected to GC\u2013MS for identifications of biomolecules present in it. GC\u2013MS indicated the presence of phenethylamine and \u03b1-tocopherol in AfL.s. Different doses of AfL.s were orally administered (for seven days) to scopolamine-induced hyper-amnesic albino mice and then behavioral studies were performed on mice for two days. After that, animals were sacrificed and their brains were isolated to perform the biochemical assay. Results of behavioral studies indicated that AfL.s improved the inflexion ratio in mice, which indicated improvement in retention behavior. Similarly, AfL.s significantly (p &lt; 0.001) reduced acetylcholinesterase and malondialdehyde contents of mice brain, but on the other hand, it improved the level of choline acetyltransferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione. It was found that that high doses of AfL.s (\u2265400 mg\/Kg\/p.o.) produced hyper-activity, hyperstimulation, ataxia, seizures, and ultimate death in mice. Its LD50 was calculated as 325 mg\/Kg\/p.o. The study concludes that \u03b1-tocopherol and phenethylamine (a primary amine) present in L. stoechas enhance memory in animal models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10061259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T13:29:58Z","timestamp":1624282198000},"page":"1259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Biomolecular Evaluation of Lavandula stoechas L. for Nootropic Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0959-0989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aamir","family":"Mushtaq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Gulab Devi Institute of Pharmacy, Gulab Devi Educational Complex, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rukhsana","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4113-3067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umar Farooq","family":"Gohar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mobasher","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Gulab Devi Institute of Pharmacy, Gulab Devi Educational Complex, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6409-6019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romina Alina","family":"Marc (Vlaic)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0571-0186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crina Carmen","family":"Mure\u015fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4757-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius","family":"Irimie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0945-9067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Bobescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.11.045","article-title":"Medicinal plants in the Mediterranean area: Synthesis of the results of the project Rubia","volume":"116","author":"Mesa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.02.016","article-title":"Pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the western part of Granada province (southern Spain): Ethnopharmacological synthesis","volume":"129","author":"Mesa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(99)00198-1","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological evaluation of the anticonvulsant, sedative and antispasmodic activities of Lavandula stoechas L","volume":"71","author":"Gilani","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"33","article-title":"Antiepileptic activity of Ustu khudoos in secondary epilepsy\u2014A case report","volume":"34","author":"Hakeem","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hamdard Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2017.10.003","article-title":"Lavandula stoechas essential oil from Morocco as novel source of antileishmanial, antibacterial and antioxidant activities","volume":"12","author":"Bouyahya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4364","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0603329","article-title":"Chemical composition, seasonal variability, and antifungal activity of Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas essential oils from stem\/leaves and flowers","volume":"54","author":"Angioni","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2000.0671","article-title":"Linalool modifies the nicotinic receptor\u2013ion channel kinetics at the mouse neuromuscular junction","volume":"42","author":"Re","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1103","article-title":"Biological activities of lavender essential oil","volume":"16","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2184.2004.00307.x","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of lavender oil and its major components to human skin cells","volume":"37","author":"Prashar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2005.9699003","article-title":"Volatile Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Lavandula stoechas L. Oil from Tunisia","volume":"17","author":"Bouzouita","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.11.002","article-title":"Antifungal and anti-inflammatory potential of Lavandula stoechas and Thymus herba-barona essential oils","volume":"44","author":"Zuzarte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201000301","article-title":"Essential oils from wild populations of algerian lavandula stoechas l.: Composition, chemical variability, and in vitro biological properties","volume":"8","author":"Benabdelkader","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2002-9-1007","article-title":"The chemical constituents and biological activity of essential oil of Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas","volume":"57","author":"Goren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. C"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-12-189","article-title":"Lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.) essential oils attenuate hyperglycemia and protect against oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats","volume":"12","author":"Sebai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01375","article-title":"Lavandula stoechas (L) a Very Potent Antioxidant Attenuates Dementia in Scopolamine Induced Memory Deficit Mice","volume":"9","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1021\/ed084p318","article-title":"Isolation of three components from spearmint oil: An exercise in column and thin-layer chromatography","volume":"84","author":"Davies","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.31989\/ffhd.v4i9.149","article-title":"In-vitro screening of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of extracts from Palestinian indigenous flora in relation to the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Jamous","year":"2014","journal-title":"Funct. Foods Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"71","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of lacidophilin from Lactobacillus pentosus against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E563","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000869","article-title":"Correlation of cardiovascular risk factors and biomarkers with platelet reactivity in coronary artery disease","volume":"26","author":"Bobescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"475","article-title":"Triterpenoids from Lavandula stoechas subsp. stoechas","volume":"60","author":"Ulubelen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zia-Ul-Haq, M., Bin-Jumah, M.N., Alothamn, S.I., and Henidi, H.A. (2021). COVID-19: Recent Developments in Therapeutic Approaches. Alternative Medicine Interventions for COVID-19, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-67989-7"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.12.026","article-title":"Appraisal of scopolamine-induced antiamnesic effect in mice and in vitro antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activities of some traditionally used Lamiaceae plants","volume":"122","author":"Orhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-016-2257-6","article-title":"Jimson weed (Datura stramonium L.) alkaloid extracts modulate cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activities in vitro: Possible modulatory effect on neuronal function","volume":"25","author":"Ademiluyi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2011.12.015","article-title":"New cholinesterase inhibiting bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Abuta grandifolia","volume":"83","author":"Cometa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arya, A., Chahal, R., Rao, R., Rahman, M.H., Kaushik, D., Akhtar, M.F., Saleem, A., Khalifa, S.M.A., El-Seedi, H.R., and Kamel, M. (2021). Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Potential of Various Sesquiterpene Analogues for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Therapy. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11030350"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.06.026","article-title":"In-Vivo pharmacology of trace-amine associated receptor 1","volume":"763","author":"Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.07.002","article-title":"The emerging roles of human trace amines and human trace amine-associated receptors (hTAARs) in central nervous system","volume":"83","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12018","article-title":"Insights into the Structure and Pharmacology of the Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (hTAAR1): Homology Modelling and Docking Studies","volume":"81","author":"Cichero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zia-Ul-Haq, M., Dewanjee, S., and Riaz, M. (2021). Past, Present and Future of Carotenoids Research. Carotenoids: Structure and Function in the Human Body, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46459-2"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"7","article-title":"Neuropathologic changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"64","author":"Wenk","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.04.001","article-title":"Neuro-degeneration profile of Alzheimer\u2019s patients: A brain morphometry study","volume":"15","author":"Barbosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.02.016","article-title":"The protective role of plant biophenols in mechanisms of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"47","author":"Omar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00412-5","article-title":"The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress","volume":"108","author":"McCord","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2008.09.001","article-title":"Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A reappraisal","volume":"29","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033939","article-title":"Selective immunotoxic lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic cells: Effects on learning and memory in rats","volume":"127","author":"Baxter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, C., Wang, Y., Wang, D., Zhang, L., Lv, J., Jiang, N., Fan, B., Liu, X., and Wang, F. (2018). Neuroprotective effects of soy isoflavones on scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070853"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5350\/KPB-BCP201121113","article-title":"Trace amines and their relevance to psychiatry and neurology: A brief overview","volume":"21","author":"Narang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Klin. Psikofarmakol. B\u00fcl. Bull. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2013.09.001","article-title":"Emerging Drugs of Abuse","volume":"32","author":"Nelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2008.04.017","article-title":"In Vitro production of huperzine A, a promising drug candidate for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"69","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(83)90067-2","article-title":"Pharmacology of beta-phenylethylamine-induced seizures in mice","volume":"7","author":"Dourish","year":"1983","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/10\/6\/1259\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:20:29Z","timestamp":1760163629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/10\/6\/1259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["plants10061259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants10061259","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]}}}