{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:41:34Z","timestamp":1789472494191,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SLU Grogrund","award":["#slu.ltv.2019.1.1.1\u2010155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#slu.ltv.2019.1.1.1\u2010155"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004785","name":"NordForsk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#84597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#84597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Controlled plant growth facilities provide the possibility to alter climate conditions affecting plant growth, such as humidity, temperature, and light, allowing a better understanding of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. A bottleneck, however, is measuring various aspects of plant growth regularly and non-destructively. Although several high-throughput phenotyping facilities have been built worldwide, further development is required for smaller custom-made affordable systems for specific needs. Hence, the main objective of this study was to develop an affordable, standalone and automated phenotyping system called \u201cPhenocave\u201d for controlled growth facilities. The system can be equipped with consumer-grade digital cameras and multispectral cameras for imaging from the top view. The cameras are mounted on a gantry with two linear actuators enabling XY motion, thereby enabling imaging of the entire area of Phenocave. A blueprint for constructing such a system is presented and is evaluated with two case studies using wheat and sugar beet as model plants. The wheat plants were treated with different irrigation regimes or high nitrogen application at different developmental stages affecting their biomass accumulation and growth rate. A significant correlation was observed between conventional measurements and digital biomass at different time points. Post-harvest analysis of grain protein content and composition corresponded well with those of previous studies. The results from the sugar beet study revealed that seed treatment(s) before germination influences germination rates. Phenocave enables automated phenotyping of plants under controlled conditions, and the protocols and results from this study will allow others to build similar systems with dimensions suitable for their custom needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10091817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T08:42:32Z","timestamp":1630399352000},"page":"1817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Phenocave: An Automated, Standalone, and Affordable Phenotyping System for Controlled Growth Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Leiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-23422 Lomma, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pernilla","family":"Vallenback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lantm\u00e4nnen Lantbruk, SE-26881 Sval\u00f6v, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Ekblad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MariboHillesh\u00f6g Research AB, SE-26191 Landskrona, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2351-5173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-23422 Lomma, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6500-4139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aakash","family":"Chawade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-23422 Lomma, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1071\/BT02124","article-title":"A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide","volume":"51","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust. 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