{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T21:03:47Z","timestamp":1789160627632,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy\u017cszego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["050012- D011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["050012- D011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing demand for Thymus serpyllum biomass to produce drugs, cosmetics and spices necessitates the search for innovative methods mitigating the negative effects of environmental stressors in order to improve its yield under unfavorable conditions. Due to the exposure of plants to salinity stress (SS), we investigated the effect of sugar beet molasses (SBM) on the growth and biochemical parameters related to plants\u2019 response to SS. Wild thyme plants were treated for 5 weeks to sodium chloride and 3% molasses solution using two modes of application (soil irrigation or foliar sprays). Plants irrigated by SBM showed slighter stem growth inhibition than control plants, high stress tolerance index and maintained a constant root water content under salt stress. Moreover plants treated with 100 mM NaCl and soil-applied SBM had lower lipid peroxidation level, showed lower POD activity, higher total soluble protein content and maintained a more even free amino acids level, compared to the control treatments. The concentration of potassium ions was higher in the case of plant roots irrigation with sugar beet molasses compared to control plants. In this experiment, most of the growth and biochemical parameters from foliar molasses-sprayed plants did not differ significantly from the control. We provided evidence that soil-applied SBM beneficially changed the plant\u2019s biochemical response to salt stress. On the basis of the obtained results, we conclude that this soil amendment contributes to the strengthening of plant protection against this harmful environmental factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10091819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T21:59:45Z","timestamp":1630447185000},"page":"1819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Beet Molasses Enhance Salinity Tolerance in Thymus serpyllum\u2014A Study under Greenhouse Condition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3224-6377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Ko\u017ami\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Hanus-Fajerska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7802-2849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiktor","family":"Halecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrology, Meteorology and Water Management, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9081-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystyna","family":"Ciarkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Agrophysics, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 12-120 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-017-2617-5","article-title":"Chemical composi-tion and bioactivity of essential oils flom flower and fruit of Thymbra capitata and Thymus species","volume":"54","author":"Garrido","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.117","article-title":"Polysaharides from Thymus vulgaris leaf: Structutal features, antioxidant activity and interactions with bowine serum albumin. Internat","volume":"125","author":"Banerjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00677","article-title":"Lamiaceae: An Insight on Their Anti-Allergic Potential and Its Mechanisms of Action","volume":"10","author":"Sim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review of Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Study of Thymus serpyllum L.","volume":"2015","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.020","article-title":"Thymus spp. plants-Food applications and phytopharmacy properties","volume":"85","author":"Salehi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.02.076","article-title":"Essential oils from the genus Thymus as antimicrobial food preservatives: Progress in their use as nanoemulsions\u2014A new paradigm","volume":"111","author":"Pandey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valerio, F., Mezzapesa, G.N., Ghannouchi, A., Mondelli, D., Logrieco, A.F., and Perrino, E.V. (2021). Characterization and antimicrobial properties of essential oils from four wild taxa of Lamiaceae family growing in Apulia. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11071431"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.09.203","article-title":"Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of Iran","volume":"220","author":"Tohidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieto, G. (2020). A Review on Applications and Uses of Thymus in the Food Industry. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9080961"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman, M., Hakeem, K.R., Narar, K., and Alharby, H.F. (2019). Salinity: A major agricultural problem-causes, impacts on crop productivity and mamagement strategies. Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Agronomic, Molecular and Biotechnological Approaches, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-06118-0"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"34","article-title":"A review: Impact of salinity on plant growth","volume":"17","author":"Safdar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"86","article-title":"In vitro selection for NaCl tolerance in Thymus vulgaris","volume":"2","author":"Zia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashraf, M.Y., Mahmood, K., Akhter, J., Hussain, F., and Arshad, M. (2010). Phytoremediation of Saline Soils for Sustainable Agricultural Productivity. Plant Adaptation and Phytoremediation, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9370-7_15"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1071\/FP09249","article-title":"Soil processes affecting crop production in salt-affected soils","volume":"37","author":"Rengasamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006386800974","article-title":"Acetyl salicylic acid (Aspirin) and salicylic acid induce multiple stress tolerance in bean and tomato plants","volume":"30","author":"Senaratna","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drobek, M., Fr\u0105c, M., and Cybulska, J. (2019). Plant Biostimulants: Importance of the Quality and Yield of Horticultural Crops and the Improvement of Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress\u2014A Review. Agronomy, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9060335"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-013-9813-6","article-title":"Physiological and molecular mechanisms of plant salt tolerance","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s004250050547","article-title":"Hydroponic treatment with salicylic acid decreases the effects of chilling injury in maize (Zea mays L.) plants","volume":"208","author":"Janda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007067","article-title":"New Plant Growth Regulators Protect Photosynthesis and Enhance Growth under Drought of Jack Pine Seedlings","volume":"18","author":"Rajasekaran","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Caparr\u00f3s, P., Llanderal, A., Hegarat, E., Jim\u00e9nez-Lao, M., and Lao, M.T. (2020). Effects of Exogenous Application of Osmotic Adjustment Substances on Growth, Pigment Concentration, and Physiological Parameters of Dracaena sanderiana Sander under Different Levels of Salinity. Agronomy., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10010125"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2620","article-title":"Effect of Salicylic Acid and Salinity in Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.): Investigation on Changes in Gas Exchange, Water Relations, and Membrane Stabilization and Biomass Accumulation","volume":"3","author":"Najafian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mordenti, A.L., Giaretta, E., Campidonico, L., Parazza, P., and Formigoni, A. (2021). A Review Regarding the Use of Molasses in Animal Nutrition. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010115"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mustafa, G., Arshad, M., Bano, I., and Abbas, M. (2020). Biotechnological applications of sugarcane bagasse and sugar beet molasses. Biomass-Convers. Biorefinery, 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-020-01141-x"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Olbrich, H. (2006). The Molasses, Institut f\u00fcr Zuckerindustrie, Reedition Biotechnologie-Kempe GmbH. Available online: http:\/\/www.biotechnologie-kempe.de\/Molasses_OLBRICH.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12508","DOI":"10.1021\/jf304416d","article-title":"Sugar Cane and Sugar Beet Molasses, Antioxidant-rich Alternatives to Refined Sugar","volume":"60","author":"Valli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"266","article-title":"Effects of fulvic acid and sugarcane molasses on yeild and qualities of tomato","volume":"8","author":"Samavat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Appl. Basic Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"71","article-title":"An economic assessment of using molasses and condensed molasses soluble as a fertilizer in the South African sugar industry","volume":"76","author":"Wynne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. S. Afr. Sugar Technol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"288","article-title":"Effect of onetime post-sown and pre-sown application of distillery spentwash on the growth and yield of maize crop","volume":"2","author":"Suganya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bot. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Zhao, X., Ye, X., Zhang, L., Shi, L., Xu, F., and Ding, G. (2020). The Effects of Condensed Molasses Soluble on the Growth and Development of Rapeseed through Seed Germination, Hydroponics and Field Trials. Agriculture, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture10070260"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2006.12.024","article-title":"Wastewater treatment in molasses-based alcohol distilleries for COD and color removal: A review","volume":"86","author":"Satyawali","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10532-012-9582-5","article-title":"Utilization of molasses based distillery effluent for fertigation of sugarcane","volume":"23","author":"Srivastava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biodegradation"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1939-8433-5-11","article-title":"Salinity tolerance mechanisms in glycophytes: An overview with the central focus on rice plants","volume":"5","author":"Horie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rice"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Tang, N., Huang, L., Zhao, Y., Tang, X., and Wang, K. (2018). Effects of Salt Stress on Plant Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Glandular Trichome Density, and Volatile Exudates of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010252"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"2165","article-title":"Response of Thymus vulgaris L. to salt and Alar (B9) in newly reclaimed soil","volume":"5","author":"Aziz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castiglione, S., Oliva, G., Vigliotta, G., Novello, G., Gamalero, E., Lingua, G., Cicatelli, A., and Guarino, F. (2021). Effects of Compost Amendment on Glycophyte and Halophyte Crops Grown on Saline Soils: Isolation and Characterization of Rhizobacteria with Plant Growth Promoting Features and High Salt Resistance. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052125"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.04.055","article-title":"Effect of salinity stress on the physiological characteristics, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis Celak","volume":"135","author":"Bistgani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4103\/epj.epj_38_18","article-title":"Chemical composition of Mentha pulegium L. (Pennyroyal) plant as influenced by foliar application of different sources of zinc","volume":"18","author":"Aziz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"478","article-title":"Influence of nutrition and elicitation on vegetative, herbage and oil yield in Ocimum (Ocimium sanctum L.)","volume":"10","author":"Kumari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharma Innov. J."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"37","article-title":"Effect of some Bio-stimulants and Micronutrients on Growth, Yield and Essential Oil Production of Majorana hortensis plants","volume":"7","author":"Hanafy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.21608\/sjfop.2021.155941","article-title":"Influence of chitosan and micronutrients (fe + zn) concentrations on growth, yield components and volatile oil of lavender plant","volume":"8","author":"Fahmy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. J. Flowers Ornam. Plants"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljabri, M., Alharbi, S., Al-Qthanin, R.N., Ismaeil, F.M., Chen, J., and Abou-Elwafa, S.F. (2021). Recycling of beet sugar byproducts and wastes enhances sugar beet productivity and salt redistribution in saline soils. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-256440\/v1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5958\/2320-3161.2021.00002.X","article-title":"Effect of Molasses on the Growth of Okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Dicotylenoae: Malvaceae)","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bio-Sci. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"131","article-title":"Effects of organic amendments, fertilizers and feanamiphos on parasitic and free-living nematodes, tomato growth and yield","volume":"35","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nematol. Medit."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"52","article-title":"Responses of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) to magnesium application","volume":"3","author":"Khalid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Ina. Ar. Plant Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579577","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2020.579577","article-title":"Beyond Sugar and Etanol Production: Value Generation Opportunities Through Sugacane Residues","volume":"8","author":"Formann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. En. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02073","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2073","article-title":"Direct evidence using a controlled greenhouse study for threshold effects of soil organic matter on crop growth","volume":"30","author":"Oldfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2017.1393397","article-title":"Molasses melanoidin-like products enhance phytoextraction of lead through three Brassica species","volume":"20","author":"Hatano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytorem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2013.798626","article-title":"Plant Communities in Multi-Metal Contaminated Soils: A Case Study in the National Park of Alta Murgia (Apulia Region-Southern Italy)","volume":"16","author":"Perrino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytoremediation"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-080516-035608","article-title":"Organic Amendments for Pathogen and Nematode Control","volume":"58","author":"Rosskopf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2014.11.001","article-title":"The effect of soil moisture depletion on Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) grown in greenhouse conditions: Growth, steviol glycosides content, soluble sugars and total antioxidant capacity","volume":"183","author":"Karimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387689-8.00002-3","article-title":"Drought Tolerance","volume":"111","author":"Ashraf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Agron."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.50.3.404","article-title":"The ultrastructure of choroplasts in mineral deficient maize leaves","volume":"50","author":"Hall","year":"1972","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-014-0444-3","article-title":"Exogenous sucrose can enhance tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings to salt stress","volume":"58","author":"Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2014.09.016","article-title":"Exogenous sucrose increases chilling tolerance in cucumber seedlings by modulating antioxidant enzyme activity and regulating proline and soluble sugar contents","volume":"179","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Hort."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.32615\/bp.2019.028","article-title":"Application of sucrose modulates the expressions of genes involved in proline and polyamine metabolism in maize seedlings exposed to drought","volume":"63","author":"Altuntas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"482","article-title":"Effect of irrigating vinaase waste liquor on the activity of three kinds of enzymes and agronomic characters at seedling stage in sugarcane","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Southwest China J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2005). Changes in Free Amino Acids and Stress Protein Synthesis in Two Genotypes of Green Gram under Salt Stress. J. Plant Sci., 1, 56\u201366.","DOI":"10.3923\/jps.2006.56.66"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01231","article-title":"The Amino Acid Metabolic and Carbohydrate Metabolic Pathway Play Important Roles during Salt-Stress Response in Tomato","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6757","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14046757","article-title":"Protein Contribution to Plant Salinity Response and Tolerance Acquisition","volume":"14","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-019-1793-z","article-title":"Comparative proteomics and gene expression analyses revealed responsive proteins and mechanisms for salt tolerance in chickpea genotypes","volume":"19","author":"Arefian","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.13518","article-title":"The role of amino acid metabolism during abiotic stress release","volume":"42","author":"Heinemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02942500","article-title":"Agro-industrial uses of glycinebetaine","volume":"6","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sugar Tech."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mickelbart, M.V., and Boine, B. (2020). Glycinebetaine Enhances Osmotic Adjustment of Ryegrass under Cold Temperatures. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10020210"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru004","article-title":"Stress-induced electrolyte leakage: The role of K+-permeable channels and involvement in programmed cell death and metabolic adjustment","volume":"65","author":"Demidchik","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00509","article-title":"The role of Na+ and K+ transporters in salt stress adaptation in glycophytes","volume":"8","author":"Assaha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2015.11.002","article-title":"Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase Regulation in the Center of Plant Physiology","volume":"9","author":"Falhof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00fcttge, U., and Beyschlag, W. (2015). The Role of Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase in Salinity Stress of Plants. Progress in Botany, Springer. Progress in Botany (Genetics\u2014Physiology\u2014Systematics\u2014Ecology).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08807-5"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00008.2006","article-title":"Role of Na+ and K+ In Enzyme Function","volume":"86","author":"Page","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5937\/FFR1602135S","article-title":"Sugar beet molasses: Properties and applications in osmotic dehydration of fruits and vegetables","volume":"43","author":"Milovanovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Feed Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(11)80491-8","article-title":"Uptake and Transport of Thiamin (Vitamin B 1) by Barley and Soybean","volume":"139","author":"Mozafar","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F4.3.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142913.faf0403s01","article-title":"Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Measurement and characterization by UV-VIS spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Food Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/s004250050524","article-title":"Improving the thiobarbituric acid-reactive-substances assay for estimating lipid peroxidation in plant tissues containing anthocyanin and other interfering compounds","volume":"207","author":"Hodges","year":"1999","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/42.2.167","article-title":"Cell Membrane Stability and Leaf Surface Wax Content as Affected by Increasing Water Deficits in Maize","volume":"42","author":"Premachandra","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"584","article-title":"Effect of moisture stress on physiological activities of two contrasting wheat genotypes","volume":"32","author":"Sairam","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"Catalase in vitro","volume":"105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Bergmeyer, H.U. (1962). Peroxidase. Methoden Derenzymatischen Analyse, Verlag Chemie."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1","article-title":"Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and anti-oxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent","volume":"299","author":"Singleton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60111a017","article-title":"Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Colorimet-ric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances","volume":"26","author":"Dubois","year":"1956","journal-title":"Anal. Chem. ACS"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Hirsh, C.H.W. (1967). Determination of amide residues by chemical methods. Methods of Enzymology, Academic Press."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/10\/9\/1819\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:53:51Z","timestamp":1760165631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/10\/9\/1819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["plants10091819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants10091819","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]}}}