{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T03:14:23Z","timestamp":1792206863042,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]],"date-time":"2021-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work was supported by the grant APVV-20-0058 \u201cThe potential of the essential oils from aromatic plants for medical use and food preservation.\u201d","award":["APVV-20-0058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-20-0058"]}]},{"name":"VEGA no. 1\/0180\/20.","award":["This work has been supported by the grants of the VEGA no. 1\/0180\/20."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This work has been supported by the grants of the VEGA no. 1\/0180\/20."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thymus vulgaris essential oil has potential good biological activity. The aim of the research was to evaluate the biological activity of the T. vulgaris essential oil from the Slovak company. The main components of T. vulgaris essential oil were thymol (48.1%), p-cymene (11.7%), 1,8-cineole (6.7), \u03b3-terpinene (6.1%), and carvacrol (5.5%). The antioxidant activity was 85.2 \u00b1 0.2%, which corresponds to 479.34 \u00b1 1.1 TEAC. The antimicrobial activity was moderate or very strong with inhibition zones from 9.89 to 22.44 mm. The lowest values of MIC were determined against B. subtilis, E. faecalis, and S. aureus. In situ antifungal analysis on bread shows that the vapor phase of T. vulgaris essential oil can inhibit the growth of the microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Penicillium. The antimicrobial activity against S. marcescens showed 46.78\u201387.80% inhibition at concentrations 62.5\u2013500 \u00b5L\/mL. The MALDI TOF MS analyses suggest changes in the protein profile of biofilm forming bacteria P. fluorescens and S. enteritidis after the fifth and the ninth day, respectively. Due to the properties of the T. vulgaris essential oil, it can be used in the food industry as a natural supplement to extend the shelf life of the foods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10091959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T22:34:01Z","timestamp":1632263641000},"page":"1959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil and Its Biological Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1203-4115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Galovi\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Borotov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"},{"name":"AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Valkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"},{"name":"AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nenad L.","family":"Vukovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7222-7245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Vukic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3799-4390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"\u0160tef\u00e1nikov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7274-6210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"\u010e\u00faranov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0153-4624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw \u0141ukasz","family":"Kowalczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"\u010cmikov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4460-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslava","family":"Ka\u010d\u00e1niov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Bioenergy, Food Technology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza St, 35601 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.4236\/ijcm.2015.69084","article-title":"The Application of Medicinal Plants in Traditional and Modern Medicine: A Review of Thymus vulgaris","volume":"06","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuete, V. (2017). Chapter 28\u2014Thymus vulgaris. 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