{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T03:34:45Z","timestamp":1791776085155,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Supporting Project number (RSP-2021\/86), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.","award":["RSP-2021\/86"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP-2021\/86"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this research was to determine the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and\/or salicylic acid (SA) under arsenic (As) stress on rice (Oryza sativa). ZnONPs are analyzed for various techniques viz., X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All of these tests established that ZnONPs are pure with no internal defects, and can be potentially used in plant applications. Hence, we further investigated for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the extent of ZnONPs and SA induced oxidative stress damages. More restricted plant growth, gas exchange indices, significant reduction in the SPAD index and maximum quantum yield (Fv\/Fm) and brutal decline in protein content were noticed in As-applied plants. In contrast, foliar fertigation of ZnONPs and\/or SA to As-stressed rice plants lessens the oxidative stress, as exposed by subordinate levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis. Improved enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), proline and total soluble protein contents under ZnONPs and SA treatment plays an excellent role in the regulation of various transcriptional pathways participated in oxidative stress tolerance. Higher content of nitrogen (N; 13%), phosphorus (P; 10%), potassium (K; 13%), zinc (Zn; 68%), manganese (Mn; 14%), and iron (Fe; 19) in ZnONPs and SA treated plants under As-stress, thus hampered growth and photosynthetic efficiency of rice plants. Our findings suggest that toxicity of As was conquering by the application of ZnONPs and SA in rice plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10112254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T22:07:11Z","timestamp":1635113231000},"page":"2254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Modulation of Cellular Redox Status and Antioxidant Defense System after Synergistic Application of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Salicylic Acid in Rice (Oryza sativa) Plant under Arsenic Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3952-6558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Faizan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4606-0175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shafaque","family":"Sehar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6802-4805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishnu D.","family":"Rajput","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344006 Rostov-on-Don, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1524-7191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Faraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur 247121, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shadma","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Pryagraj 211004, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3022-0883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Minkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344006 Rostov-on-Don, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3470-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana","family":"Sushkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344006 Rostov-on-Don, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5570-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Faheem","family":"Adil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4253-7127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman A.","family":"Alatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firoz","family":"Akhter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, New York, NY 11794-5281, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8176-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Faisal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00340","article-title":"Salicylic acid modulates arsenic toxicity by reducing its root to shoot translocation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2007.02.003","article-title":"Arsenic hazards: Strategies for tolerance and remediation by plants","volume":"25","author":"Tripathi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.10.019","article-title":"Omics and biotechnology of arsenic stress and detoxification in plants: Current updates and prospective","volume":"74","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00182","article-title":"Arsenic toxicity: The effects on plant metabolism","volume":"3","author":"Finnegan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109410","article-title":"Uptake, translocation and impact of green synthesized nanoceria on growth and antioxidant enzymes activity of Solanum lycopersicum L.","volume":"182","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111262","article-title":"Green synthesis of iron nanoparticle by tea extract (polyphenols) and its selective removal of cationic dyes","volume":"275","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava, S., Shukla, A., Rajput, V.D., Kumar, K., Minkina, T., Mandzhieva, S., Shmaraeva, A., and Suprasanna, P. (2021). Arsenic Remediation through Sustainable Phytoremediation Approaches. Minerals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/min11090936"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137808","article-title":"Interactive effects of drought, organic fertilizer, and zinc oxide nanoscale and bulk particles on wheat performance and grain nutrient accumulation","volume":"722","author":"Dimkpa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s13562-019-00525-z","article-title":"Effective use of zinc oxide nanoparticles through root dipping on the performance of growth, quality, photosynthesis and antioxidant system in tomato","volume":"29","author":"Faizan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plant Biochem. Biotechn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2020.1793180","article-title":"Foliar application of iron, zinc, and manganese nano-chelates improves physiological indicators and soybean yield under water deficit stress","volume":"43","author":"Vaghar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-037X.2009.00365.x","article-title":"Improving the drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by exogenous application of salicylic acid","volume":"195","author":"Farooq","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agron. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"282","article-title":"Toxicity of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles on germinating rice seed Oryza sativa L.","volume":"1","author":"Boonyanitipong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biosci. Biochem. Bioinfo."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.11.061","article-title":"Can liming reduce cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa) in slightly acidic soils? A contradictory dynamic equilibrium between Cd uptake capacity of roots and Cd immobilisation in soils","volume":"193","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.050908.135202","article-title":"Salicylic acid, a multifaceted hormone to combat disease","volume":"47","author":"Vlot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.09.007","article-title":"Role of salicylic acid in alleviating oxidative damage in rice roots (Oryza sativa) subjected to cadmium stress","volume":"147","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-011-0531-3","article-title":"Salicylic acid minimizes nickel and\/or salinity-induced toxicity in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) through an improved antioxidant system","volume":"19","author":"Yusuf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2008.06.001","article-title":"Salicylic acid alleviates mercury toxicity by preventing oxidative stress in roots of Medicago sativa","volume":"65","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-012-9577-z","article-title":"The role of salicylic acid in the prevention of oxidative stress elicited by cadmium in soybean plants","volume":"25","author":"Noriega","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.102.018457","article-title":"Salicylic acid alleviates the cadmium toxicity in barley seedlings","volume":"132","author":"Metwally","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2019.07.003","article-title":"A comparative screening of abiotic stress tolerance in early flowering rice mutants","volume":"302","author":"Afzal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biotech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1021\/es034383n","article-title":"Arsenic behaviour in paddy fields during the cycle of flooded and non-flooded periods","volume":"38","author":"Takahashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9931","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802361105","article-title":"Transporters of arsenite in rice and their role in arsenic accumulation in rice grain","volume":"105","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9542","DOI":"10.1021\/es101716h","article-title":"Arsenate exposure affects amino acids, mineral nutrient status and antioxidants in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes","volume":"44","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles help to enhance plant growth and alleviate abiotic stress: A review","volume":"21","author":"Faizan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Prot. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faizan, M., Rajput, V.D., Al-Khuraif, A.A., Arshad, M., Minkina, T., Sushkova, S., and Yu, F. (2021). Effect of foliar fertigation of chitosan nanoparticles on cadmium accumulation and toxicity in Solanum lycopersicum. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10070666"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122882","article-title":"Melatonin and calcium function synergistically to promote the resilience through ROS metabolism under arsenic-induced stress","volume":"398","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123365","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide modulates activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes and protects photosynthetic activity from arsenic damage in rice (Oryza sativa L.)","volume":"401","author":"Asgher","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitra, A., Chatterjee, S., Moogouei, R., and Gupta, D.K. (2017). Arsenic accumulation in rice and probable mitigation approaches: A review. Agronomy, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy7040067"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of the single and combined effects of arsenic and antimony on growth and physiology of giant reed (Arundo donax L.)","volume":"17","author":"Shetty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s41742-020-00302-0","article-title":"Biochar application rate: Improving soil fertility and Linum usitatissimum growth on an arsenic and lead contaminated technosol","volume":"15","author":"Lebrun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.08.071","article-title":"Effect of zinc-lysine on growth, yield and cadmium uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and health risk assessment","volume":"187","author":"Rizwan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, P., Alyemeni, M.N., Al-Huqail, A.A., Alqahtani, M.A., Wijaya, L., Ashraf, M., Kaya, C., and Bajguz, A. (2020). Zinc oxide nanoparticles application alleviates arsenic (As) toxicity in soybean plants by restricting the uptake of as and modulating key biochemical attributes, antioxidant enzymes, Ascorbate-Glutathione cycle and glyoxalase system. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9070825"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2019.08.020","article-title":"Adequate zinc nutrition improves the tolerance against drought and heat stresses in chickpea","volume":"143","author":"Ullaha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, S., Wu, F., Zhou, S., Yang, J., Tang, X., and Ye, W. (2021). Zinc oxide nanoparticles alleviate the arsenic toxicity and decrease the accumulation of arsenic in rice (Oryza sativa L.). BMC Plant Biol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-021-02929-3"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.02.002","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) induce salt tolerance by improving the antioxidant system and photosynthetic machinery in tomato","volume":"161","author":"Faizan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123020","article-title":"Salicylic acid-induced nitric oxide enhances arsenic toxicity tolerance in maize plants by upregulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and glyoxalase system","volume":"399","author":"Kaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2014.00004","article-title":"Regulation of water, salinity, and cold stress responses by salicylic acid","volume":"5","author":"Miura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2013.03.015","article-title":"Salicylic acid improves the salinity tolerance of Medicago sativa in symbiosis with Sinorhizobium meliloti by preventing nitrogen fixation inhibition","volume":"208","author":"Palma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-3420(00)80007-5","article-title":"Will increased photosynthetic efficiency lead to increased yield in rice","volume":"7","author":"Sharkey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stud. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2007.01641.x","article-title":"The response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to rising [CO2]: Mechanisms and environmental interactions","volume":"30","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-020-02934-6","article-title":"Cadmium partitioning, physiological and oxidative stress responses in marigold (Calendula calypso) grown on contaminated soil: Implications for phytoremediation","volume":"105","author":"Farooq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/cjast\/2019\/v33i430087","article-title":"Relative toxicity of arsenite and arsenate on early seedling growth and photosynthetic pigments of rice","volume":"33","author":"Begum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"249","article-title":"Effects of exogenous salicylic acid on growth characteristics and biochemical content of wheat seeds under arsenic stress","volume":"36","author":"Zengin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-017-1136-6","article-title":"Exogenous salicylic acid-mediated modulation of arsenic stress tolerance with enhanced accumulation of secondary metabolites and improved size of glandular trichomes in Artemisia annua L.","volume":"255","author":"Kumari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.08.036","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles alter the wheat physiological response and reduce the cadmium uptake by plants","volume":"242","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10725-018-0427-z","article-title":"Response of exogenous salicylic acid on cadmium induced photosynthetic damage, antioxidant metabolism and essential oil production in peppermint","volume":"86","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-019-10007-0","article-title":"Supplementation of salicylic acid and citric acid for alleviation of cadmium toxicity to Brassica Juncea","volume":"39","author":"Faraz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajput, V.D., Singh, R.K., Verma, K.K., Sharma, L., Quiroz-Figueroa, F.R., Meena, M., Gour, V.S., Minkina, T., and Sushkova, S. (2021). Recent Developments in Enzymatic Antioxidant Defence Mechanism in Plants with Special Reference to Abiotic Stress. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10040267"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-012-0140-8","article-title":"Arsenic-induced oxidative stress in the common bean legume, Phaseolus vulgaris L. seedlings and its amelioration by exogenous nitric oxide","volume":"19","author":"Talukdar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"4","article-title":"Effect of arsenite and arsenate on lipid peroxidation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in Zea mays Linn","volume":"4","author":"Yadav","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-015-0299-x","article-title":"Arsenite and arsenate impact the oxidative status and antioxidant responses in Ocimum tenuiflorum L.","volume":"21","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Mol Bil Plants"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.02.031","article-title":"Alleviation of cadmium accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) by foliar spray of zinc oxide nanoparticles and biochar to contaminated soil","volume":"248","author":"Rizwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.11698","article-title":"A process for the selective removal of arsenic from contaminated water using acetate functionalized zinc oxide nanomaterials","volume":"32","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Prog Sustain Energy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-019-10059-2","article-title":"Role of zinc oxide nanoparticles in countering negative effects generated by cadmium in Lycopersicon esculentum","volume":"40","author":"Faizan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82264-7","article-title":"Effects of salicylic acid, zinc and glycine betaine on morpho-physiological growth and yield of maize under drought stress","volume":"11","author":"Shemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112695","article-title":"Selenium and zinc oxide nanoparticles modulate the molecular and morpho-physiological processes during seed germination of Brassica napus under salt stress","volume":"225","author":"Batool","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotox. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2016.10.010","article-title":"Salicylic acid mitigates drought stress in Lippia citriodora L.","volume":"8","author":"Dianata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2011.12.019","article-title":"Differential response of oxidative stress and thiol metabolism in contrasting rice genotypes for arsenic tolerance","volume":"79","author":"Tripathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1039\/C4MT00039K","article-title":"Identification of redox-regulated components of arsenate (As V) tolerance through thiourea supplementation in rice","volume":"6","author":"Srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1080\/19315260.2017.1347845","article-title":"Exogenous application of salicylic acid to alleviate glyphosate stress in Solanum lycopersicum","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01487.x","article-title":"Genes and salt tolerance: Bringing them together","volume":"167","author":"Munns","year":"2005","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006","article-title":"Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance","volume":"59","author":"Ashraf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2004.1271","article-title":"Heavy metal accumulation by the halophyte species mediterranean saltbush","volume":"33","author":"Lutts","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.32604\/biocell.2021.015363","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles and epibrassinolide enhance growth through the modulation of antioxidant enzymes activity and photosynthetic performance in Lycopersicon esculentum","volume":"45","author":"Faizan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BIOCELL"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2015.10.039","article-title":"Removal of arsenic from water using nano adsorbents and challenges: A review","volume":"166","author":"Lata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.06.052","article-title":"Differential impacts of copper oxide nanoparticles and copper(II) ions on the uptake and accumulation of arsenic in rice (Oryza sativa)","volume":"252","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1021\/es504918q","article-title":"Aggregation, dissolution, and transformation of copper nanoparticles in natural waters","volume":"49","author":"Conway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13454","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b03355","article-title":"Investigation on the modification of physicochemical properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles through adsorption of Cd and As(III)\/As(V)","volume":"6","author":"Sharifan","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"2056","article-title":"Effects of salt stress on pigment and total soluble protein contents of three different tomato cultivars","volume":"5","author":"Doganlar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afric. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2008.11.007","article-title":"Exogenous treatment with salicylic acid attenuates cadmium toxicity in pea seedlings","volume":"47","author":"Popova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Orcutt, D.M., and Nilsen, E.T. (2000). The Physiology of Plants under Stress, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02267.x","article-title":"Endogenous salicylic acid protect rice plants from oxidative damage caused by ageing as well as biotic and abiotic stress","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2012.09.001","article-title":"Effect of lead stress on mineral content and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) seedlings","volume":"20","author":"Lamhamdi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2018.05.011","article-title":"Biosynthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) from actinomycetes","volume":"15","author":"Nabila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-013-0233-x","article-title":"Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuNPs) produced using brown alga extract (Bifurcaria bifurcata)","volume":"4","author":"Abboud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112401","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles alleviates the adverse effects of cadmium stress on Oryza sativa via modulation of the photosynthesis and antioxidant defense system","volume":"220","author":"Faizan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxic. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112293","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles and 24-Epibrassinolide alleviates Cu toxicity in tomato by regulating ROS scavenging, stomatal movement and photosynthesis","volume":"218","author":"Faizan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxic. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"87","article-title":"Effect of foliar spray of ZnO-NPs on the physiological parameters efficiency and antioxidant systems of Lycopersicon Esculentum","volume":"34","author":"Faizan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol. J. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"205","article-title":"Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies","volume":"39","author":"Bates","year":"1973","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(68)90654-1","article-title":"Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation","volume":"125","author":"Heath","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(84)90039-3","article-title":"Estimation of hydrogen peroxide in plant extracts using titanium (IV)","volume":"139","author":"Patterson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-017-0717-0","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticle-mediated changes in photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant system of tomato plants","volume":"56","author":"Faizan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Jackson, M.L. (2005). Soil Chemical Analysis: Advanced Course, UW-Madison Libraries Parallel Press."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Chapman, H.D., and Pratt, P.F. (1961). Methods of Analysis for Soil, Plants and Water, Division of Agricultural Science, University of California."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Nassar, M.A., and El-Sahhar, K.F. (1998). Botanical Preparations and Microscopy (Micro Technique), Academic Bookshop."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/10\/11\/2254\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:20:58Z","timestamp":1760167258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/10\/11\/2254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["plants10112254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants10112254","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]}}}