{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:26:27Z","timestamp":1780673187308,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a pressing need to conserve plant diversity to prevent extinctions and to enable sustainable use of plant material by current and future generations. Here, we review the contribution that living collections and seed banks based in botanic gardens around the world make to wild plant conservation and to tackling global challenges. We focus in particular on the work of Botanic Gardens Conservation International and the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, with its associated global Partnership. The advantages and limitations of conservation of plant diversity as both living material and seed collections are reviewed, and the need for additional research and conservation measures, such as cryopreservation, to enable the long-term conservation of \u2018exceptional species\u2019 is discussed. We highlight the importance of networks and sharing access to data and plant material. The skill sets found within botanic gardens and seed banks complement each other and enable the development of integrated conservation (linking in situ and ex situ efforts). Using a number of case studies we demonstrate how botanic gardens and seed banks support integrated conservation and research for agriculture and food security, restoration and reforestation, as well as supporting local livelihoods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10112371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T21:57:49Z","timestamp":1635976669000},"page":"2371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Plant Diversity Conservation Challenges and Prospects\u2014The Perspective of Botanic Gardens and the Millennium Seed Bank"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9834-5186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elinor","family":"Breman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8762-4275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ballesteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6123-0289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Castillo-Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7589-3910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Cockel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Dickie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisyah","family":"Faruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2041-090X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, London TW9 3BW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Offord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Australian Plant Bank, Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan, Sydney, NSW 2567, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Pironon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5212-2956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Sharrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, London TW9 3BW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Ulian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"D\u00edaz, S., Settele, J., Brond\u00edzio, E., Ngo, H.T., Gu\u00e8ze, M., Agard, J., Arneth, A., Balvanera, P., Brauman, K., and Butchart, S.H.M. 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