{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T04:44:14Z","timestamp":1778301854038,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006472","name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7246\/12.04.2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7246\/12.04.2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006472","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Unitatea Executiva Pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior a Cercetarii Dezvoltarii si Inovarii","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-III-P1-1.1-MC-2019-1056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P1-1.1-MC-2019-1056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dermatophyte infections represent an important public health concern, affecting up to 25% of the world\u2019s population. Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes are the predominant dermatophytes in cutaneous infections, with a prevalence accounting for 70% of dermatophytoses. Although terbinafine represents the preferred treatment, its clinical use is hampered by side effects, drug\u2013drug interactions, and the emergence of resistant clinical isolates. Combination therapy, associating terbinafine and essential oils (EOs), represents a promising strategy in the treatment of dermatophytosis. In this study, we screened the potential of selected Apiaceae EOs (ajowan, coriander, caraway, and anise) to improve the antifungal activity of terbinafine against T. rubrum ATCC 28188 and T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9533. The chemical profile of EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of EOs\/main compounds were determined according to EUCAST-AFST guidelines, with minor modifications. The checkerboard microtiter method was used to identify putative synergistic combinations of EOs\/main constituents with terbinafine. The influence of EOs on the viability and pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1\u03b2, IL-8 and TNF-\u03b1) was determined using an ex vivo human neutrophils model. The binary associations of tested EOs with terbinafine were found to be synergistic against T. rubrum, with FICI values of 0.26\u20130.31. At the tested concentrations (6.25\u201325 mg\/L), EOs did not exert cytotoxic effects towards human neutrophils. Anise EO was the most potent inhibitor of IL-1\u03b2 release (46.49% inhibition at 25 mg\/L), while coriander EO displayed the highest inhibition towards IL-8 and TNF-\u03b1 production (54.15% and 54.91%, respectively). In conclusion, the synergistic combinations of terbinafine and investigated Apiaceae EOs could be a starting point in the development of novel topical therapies against T. rubrum-related dermatophytosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10112378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T22:25:54Z","timestamp":1636064754000},"page":"2378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Apiaceae Essential Oils: Boosters of Terbinafine Activity against Dermatophytes and Potent Anti-Inflammatory Effectors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2504-2541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Trifan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon Vlad","family":"Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life and Food Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andra-Cristina","family":"Bost\u0103naru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d Iasi University of Life Sciences, 700489 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2246-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai","family":"Brebu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Chemistry of Polymers Laboratory, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700481 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Jit\u0103reanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5420-1516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romeo-Teodor","family":"Cristina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, The Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9313-5929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystyna","family":"Skalicka-Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1876-1321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Granica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiota Lab, Centre for Preclinical Studies, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8159-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika E.","family":"Czerwi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiota Lab, Centre for Preclinical Studies, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2134-9423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Greige-Gerges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioactive Molecules Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Section II, Lebanese University, Jdaidet el-Matn B.P. 90656, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4773-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elwira","family":"Sieniawska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3103-4954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai","family":"Mare\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d Iasi University of Life Sciences, 700489 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605644","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.605644","article-title":"Skin immunity to dermatophytes: From experimental infection models to human disease","volume":"11","author":"Burstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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