{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:39:46Z","timestamp":1780472386624,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research funded by the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020\/81), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","award":["This research funded by the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020\/81), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This research funded by the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020\/81), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized by using an alcoholic extract of the flowering aerial parts of Plumbago auriculata Lam. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) revealed that the average size of synthesized ZnO NPs was 10.58 \u00b1 3.350 nm and the zeta potential was \u221219.6 mV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the particle size was in the range from 5.08 to 6.56 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis verified the existence of pure hexagonal shaped crystals of ZnO nanoparticles with an average size of 35.34 nm in the sample, which is similar to the particle size analysis acquired by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (38.29 \u00b1 6.88 nm). HPLC analysis of the phenolic ingredients present in the plant extract showed that gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and catechin were found as major compounds at concentrations of 1720.26, 1600.42, and 840.20 \u00b5g\/g, respectively. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of ZnO NPs and the plant extract against avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype B were also investigated. This assessment revealed that the uncalcinated form of Nano-ZnO mediated by P. auriculata Lam. extract possessed a significant antiviral activity with 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 52.48 \u00b1 1.57 and 42.67 \u00b1 4.08 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively, while the inhibition percentage (IP) was 99% and the selectivity index (SI) was 1.23.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10112447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:51:53Z","timestamp":1636923113000},"page":"2447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Nano Zinc Oxide Green-Synthesized from Plumbago auriculata Lam. Alcoholic Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5176-6258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina Michael","family":"Melk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seham S.","family":"El-Hawary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farouk Rasmy","family":"Melek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia Osama","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2653-1542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of chemistry, Turabah University College, Turabah Branch, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5960-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"El Raey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, Pharmaceutical Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth Street, P.O. Box 12622, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6252-000X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabil Mohamed","family":"Selim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60541-1","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Extract of Deverra tortuosa and their Cytotoxic Activities","volume":"10","author":"Selim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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