{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:43:39Z","timestamp":1791233019990,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we evaluated the allelopathic effects of essential oils (EOs) from six different plant species, namely, lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), English thyme (Thymus vulgaris), lovage (Levisticum officinale), costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita), and cumin (Cuminum cyminum), on seed germination and seedling growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). The main constituents of the EOs of L. angustifolia were 47.0% linalool acetate and 28.4% linalool; H. officinalis\u2019 main constituents were 39.8% cis-pinocamphone, 9.8% trans-pinocamphone, 11.4% \u03b2-pinene, and 7.5% \u03b2-phellandrene; T. vulgaris\u2019 were 38.2% para-cymene, 25.6% thymol, and 13.6% \u03b3-terpinene; L. officinale\u2019s were 64.8% \u03b1-terpinyl acetate and 14.7% \u03b2-phellandrene; C. balsamita\u2019s were 43.7% camphor, 32.4% trans-thujone, and 11.6% camphene; C. cyminum\u2019s were 49.6% cumin aldehyde, 10.4% para-cymene, 11.6% \u03b1-terpinen-7-al, and 9.1% \u03b2-pinene. All six EOs exhibited an allelopathic effect and suppressed the seed germination and seedling development of wheat and barley; however, the concentrations that exhibited a suppressing effect were different among the plants. C. cyminum EO completely suppressed both barley and wheat germination at 10-, 30-, and 90-\u00b5L application rates, making it the most effective treatment among the tested EOs. C. balsamita\u2019s and H. officinalis\u2019 EOs at 30 and 90 \u00b5L application rates completely suppressed barley and wheat radicles per seed, radicle length (mm), seedling height (mm), and germination (%). L. angustifolia\u2019s EOs at 30- and 90-\u00b5L and T. vulgaris\u2019 EO at 90 \u00b5L application rates also completely suppressed barley and wheat radicles per seed, radicle length (mm), seedling height (mm), and germination (%). C. balsamita\u2019s, H. officinalis\u2019, L. angustifolia\u2019s, and T. vulgaris\u2019 EOs at a 10 \u00b5L application rate reduced barley radicle length, seedling height, and % germination relative to the control. Wheat seed germination % was completely suppressed by the application of L. angustifolia\u2019s and T. vulgaris\u2019 EOs at 30 and 90 \u00b5L, while T. vulgaris\u2019 EO at 10 \u00b5L rate reduced the germination relative to the control. Interestingly, C. balsamita and H. officinalis at 10 \u00b5L did not reduce wheat germination; however, they did reduce the number of radicles per seed, radicle length (mm), seedling height (mm), germination (%), and vigor index. Furthermore, L. officinale\u2019s EO reduced the measured indices (radicles per seed, radicle length, seedling height, and vigor index) at the 10, 30, and 90 \u00b5L application rates relative to the non-treated control; however, none of the application rates of L. officinale\u2019s EO had a suppression effect on wheat germination. This study demonstrated the allelopathic effects of the EOs of six different herbal plant species on seed germination of barley and winter wheat. The results can be utilized in the development of commercial products for controlling pre-harvest sprouting of wheat and barley. Further research is needed to verify the results under field conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10122728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:29:33Z","timestamp":1639358973000},"page":"2728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Allelopathic Effects of Essential Oils on Seed Germination of Barley and Wheat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3479-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valtcho D.","family":"Zheljazkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop and Soil Science Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2740-9925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Jeliazkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop and Soil Science Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9779-8789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tess","family":"Astatkie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-051120-030619","article-title":"The ecological importance of allelopathy","volume":"52","author":"Hierro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. 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