{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T10:41:56Z","timestamp":1788691316443,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential oils (EOs) are chemical products produced by odoriferous glands from a variety of plants. These essential oils have many health benefits: antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. So due to these medicinal properties, the present study was designed to analyze essential oils of Thymus zygis L. and Thymus willdenowii Boiss. for their chemical composition and biological activities. These two thyme species were collected from the region of Ifrane, Middle Atlas of Morocco. The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation, and the yields were 5.25% for T. zygis and 3.00% for T. willdenowii. The chemical composition of the EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the results showed that T. zygis EO is dominated by carvacrol (52.5%), o-cymene (23.14%), and thymol (9.68%), while the EO of T. willdenowii contains germacrene D (16.51%), carvacrol (16.19%), and geranyl acetate (8.35%) as major compounds. The antioxidant activity assessed by Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays revealed that both EOs have excellent antioxidant activities; by DPPH it resulted in IC50 = 6.13 \u00b1 0.11 for T. zygis and 6.78 \u00b1 0.3 \u00b5g\/mL for T. willdenowii, while the one by FRAP yielded EC50 = 2.46 \u00b1 0.01 (T. zygis) and 5.17 \u00b1 0.2 (T. willdenowii) \u00b5g\/mL. The antimicrobial activity of the two essential oils was evaluated against six bacterial strains and five fungal strains by the disk diffusion method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC). The EOs revealed variable antimicrobial activities against the different tested microbial strains and showed strong antimicrobial activities, even against strains known as multi-resistant to antibiotics (Acinetobacter baumannii) at low concentrations (2 \u00b5L\/mL). T. zygis EO showed the most powerful activity against all the studied bacteria, while that of T. willdenowii recorded moderate activity when tested against Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella Typhi. With inhibition diameters that vary between 75 mm and 84 mm for concentrations of 2 \u00b5L\/mL up to 12 \u00b5L\/mL, S. aureus was shown to be the most sensitive to T. zygis EO. For the antifungal activity test, T. zygis EO showed the best inhibition diameters compared to T. willdenowii EO. These results showed that T. zygis EO has more powerful antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than T. willdenowii EO, therefore, we deduce that thyme EOs are excellent antioxidants, they have strong antimicrobial properties, and may in the future represent new sources of natural antiseptics that can be used in pharmaceutical and food industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T02:01:19Z","timestamp":1640224879000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Phytochemical Analysis, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Thymus zygis L. and Thymus willdenowii Boiss. Essential Oils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fatima zahrae","family":"Radi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Chemistry Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratoire des Mat\u00e9riaux Innovants et Biothenologie des Resources Naturelles, University Moulay Isma\u00efl of Meknes-Faculty of Sciences, Meknes 50000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9944-811X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Bouhrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Chemistry Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratoire des Mat\u00e9riaux Innovants et Biothenologie des Resources Naturelles, University Moulay Isma\u00efl of Meknes-Faculty of Sciences, Meknes 50000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-9089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza","family":"Mechchate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-zahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf Ahmed","family":"Qurtam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulmalik M.","family":"Aleissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital (KKESH), Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aziz","family":"Drioiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Chemistry Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratoire des Mat\u00e9riaux Innovants et Biothenologie des Resources Naturelles, University Moulay Isma\u00efl of Meknes-Faculty of Sciences, Meknes 50000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Handaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Chemistry Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratoire des Mat\u00e9riaux Innovants et Biothenologie des Resources Naturelles, University Moulay Isma\u00efl of Meknes-Faculty of Sciences, Meknes 50000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Touriya","family":"Zair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Chemistry Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratoire des Mat\u00e9riaux Innovants et Biothenologie des Resources Naturelles, University Moulay Isma\u00efl of Meknes-Faculty of Sciences, Meknes 50000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mechchate, H., Es-Safi, I., Mohamed Al Kamaly, O., and Bousta, D. (2021). Insight into Gentisic Acid Antidiabetic Potential Using In Vitro and In Silico Approaches. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26071932"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Es-Safi, I., Mechchate, H., Amaghnouje, A., Elbouzidi, A., Bouhrim, M., Bencheikh, N., Hano, C., and Bousta, D. (2021). Assessment of Antidepressant-Like, Anxiolytic Effects and Impact on Memory of Pimpinella anisum L. Total Extract on Swiss Albino Mice. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10081573"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"25","article-title":"Spices and Essential Oils as Preservatives","volume":"Volume 66","author":"Boyle","year":"1955","journal-title":"American Perfumer and Essential Oil Review"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022","article-title":"Essential Oils: Their Antibacterial Properties and Potential Applications in Foods\u2014A Review","volume":"94","author":"Burt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bencheikh, N., Bouhrim, M., Kharchoufa, L., Al Kamaly, O.M., Mechchate, H., Es-Safi, I., Dahmani, A., Ouahhoud, S., El Assri, S., and Eto, B. (2021). The Nephroprotective Effect of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) Fruits in a Gentamicin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Model in Rats: A Biochemical and Histopathological Investigation. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26164806"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Acute Digestive System Problems in the Region of Fez-Meknes in Morocco: An Ethnopharmacological Survey","volume":"20","author":"Mechchate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ethnobot. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3311","article-title":"Composition and Radical-scavenging Activity of Thymus Glabrescens willd. (Lamiaceae) Essential Oil","volume":"88","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"105","article-title":"Etude de Diverses Huiles Essentielles de Thym Du Maroc","volume":"18","author":"Richard","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lebensm. Wiss. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Fennane, M., and Ibn-Tattou, M. (2007). Flore Pratique du Maroc, Volume 2: Angiospermae (Leguminosae-Lentibulariaceae), L\u2019Institut Scientifique."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bencheikh, N., Elbouzidi, A., Kharchoufa, L., Ouassou, H., Alami Merrouni, I., Mechchate, H., Es-Safi, I., Hano, C., Addi, M., and Bouhrim, M. (2021). Inventory of Medicinal Plants Used Traditionally to Manage Kidney Diseases in North-Eastern Morocco: Ethnobotanical Fieldwork and Pharmacological Evidence. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10091966"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kharchoufa, L., Bouhrim, M., Bencheikh, N., Addi, M., Hano, C., Mechchate, H., and Elachouri, M. (2021). Potential Toxicity of Medicinal Plants Inventoried in Northeastern Morocco: An Ethnobotanical Approach. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10061108"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10298-011-0625-6","article-title":"Composition Chimique, Activit\u00e9 Antimicrobiennne et Antioxydante de l\u2019huile Essentielle de Thymus zygis Du Maroc","volume":"9","author":"Amarti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytoth\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(93)90032-Z","article-title":"Composition and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils of Four Mediterranean Lamiaceae","volume":"39","author":"Panizzi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971689","article-title":"Pharmacological and Chemical Investigation of Thyme Liquid Extracts","volume":"41","author":"Lemli","year":"1981","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Sijelmassi, A. (1993). Les Plantes M\u00e9dicinales du Maroc, Le Fennec. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357011778250","article-title":"Topical Anti-inflammatory Activity of Thymus willdenowii","volume":"53","author":"Ismaili","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stahl-Biskup, E., and S\u00e1ez, F. (2002). Flavonoids and Further Polyphenols in the Genus Thymus. Thyme, Taylor and Francis.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203216859"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"140906","article-title":"Caract\u00e9risation Chimique de Certaines Esp\u00e8ces de Thym Marocain Du Moyen Atlas (R\u00e9gion de Khenifra)","volume":"6","author":"Idrissi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Lib."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"54","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Anti-Insecticidal Activity of the Essential Oils of Thymus of Morocco: Thymus capitates, Thymus bleicherianus and Thymus satureioides","volume":"6","author":"Ainane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Org. Med. Chem. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-001-0451-4","article-title":"Sensory and Chemical Evaluation of Thymus zygis L. Essential Oil and Compressed CO2 Extracts","volume":"214","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5418","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0496245","article-title":"Thymus zygis Subsp. Gracilis: Watering Level Effect on Phytomass Production and Essential Oil Quality","volume":"52","author":"Sotomayor","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Sotomayor S\u00e1nchez, J.A., and S\u00e1nchez G\u00f3mez, P. (1998). Estudio sobre Plantas Arom\u00e1ticas de los Generos Salvia y Thymus, Espontaneas en el SE Ib\u00e9rico, para su Establecimiento como Cultivo. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Murcia]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2008.04.021","article-title":"Polyphenolic Extract and Essential Oil Quality of Thymus zygis ssp. Gracilis Shrubs Cultivated under Different Watering Levels","volume":"29","author":"Monino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2005.09.020","article-title":"Essential Oil Composition Is Related to the Natural Habitats: Coridothymus capitatus and Satureja thymbra in NATURA 2000 Sites of Crete","volume":"66","author":"Karousou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1300\/J044v13n01_03","article-title":"Evaluation of Environmental Factors Influencing Essential Oil Quality of Thymus pannonicus All. and Thymus praecox Opiz","volume":"13","author":"Kutta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"141","article-title":"Composition Chimique et Activit\u00e9 Antimicrobienne Des Huiles Essentielles de Thymus algeriensis Boiss. & Reut. et Thymus ciliatus (Desf.) Benth. Du Maroc","volume":"14","author":"Amarti","year":"2010","journal-title":"BASE"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s10298-013-0777-7","article-title":"Effet de l\u2019huile Essentielle de Thymus vulgaris Sur Les Bact\u00e9ries Pathog\u00e8nes Responsables de Gastroent\u00e9rites","volume":"11","author":"Cheurfa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytoth\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1026(199905\/06)14:3<177::AID-FFJ806>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Seasonal Variation in Yield and Composition of Thymus Zygis, L. Subsp. Sylvestris Essential Oil","volume":"14","author":"Rouzet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2010.03.005","article-title":"Chemical, Antifungal and Cytotoxic Evaluation of the Essential Oil of Thymus zygis subsp. Sylvestris","volume":"32","author":"Cruz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"621","article-title":"\u2018Estudio anal\u00edtico de aceites esenciales procedentes de plantas espa\u00f1olas. 1. Especies del g\u00e9nero Thymus","volume":"60","author":"Mateo","year":"1978","journal-title":"Riv. Ital, EPPOS"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Morales Valverde, R. (1986). Taxonom\u00eda de Los G\u00e9neros Thymus (Excluida de La Secci\u00f3n Serpyllum) y Thymbra En La Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica, CSIC-Real Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico (RJB)."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2007.07.007","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis and Thymus hyemalis Essential Oils","volume":"19","author":"Rota","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"301","article-title":"Aceites Esenciales de Tomillos Ib\u00e9ricos. III. Contribuci\u00f3n al Estudio de Quimiotipos En El Grupo Thymus Zygis","volume":"36","author":"Velasco","year":"1984","journal-title":"An. Bromatol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"364","article-title":"Influence of Ecological Factors (Altitude) on the Content and Composition of the Essence of Two Samples of Thymus zygis L., [Thyme] Picked in Different Areas","volume":"24","author":"Cabo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ars Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"77","article-title":"Chemical Polymorphism of Moroccan Thyme Essential Oils. 1. Coumpounds Characterization","volume":"7","author":"Benjilali","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sci. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stahl-Biskup, E. (2002). Essential Oil Chemistry of the Genus Thymus\u2014A Global View. Thyme, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203216859"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.1991.9697915","article-title":"The Chemical Composition of Thymus Oils: A Review of the Literature 1960\u20131989","volume":"3","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"795","article-title":"Content and Composition of the Essential Oil of Thymus serpyllum L. Growing Wild in Estonia","volume":"40","author":"Raal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"75","article-title":"Genetic Diversity, Essential Oil Composition, and in Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Curcuma Longa, L. Germplasm Collections","volume":"10","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2018.1496856","article-title":"Compositional Variability in Essential Oils of Twelve Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) Accessions Grown in the Same Environment","volume":"30","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(02)00119-X","article-title":"GC\/MS Evaluation of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Oil Composition and Variations during the Vegetative Cycle","volume":"29","author":"Hudaib","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2009.9700192","article-title":"V Seasonal Variation of Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Grown in Castilla\u2014La Mancha (Central Spain)","volume":"21","author":"Arraiza","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2006.06.006","article-title":"Seasonal Variation of Thymus hyemalis Lange and Spanish Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oils Composition","volume":"24","author":"Goodner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"443","article-title":"Effect of Soil Type and Irrigation Intervals on Plant Growth, Essential Oil Yield and Constituents of Thymus vulgaris Plant","volume":"4","author":"Aziz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1875","article-title":"Factors Affecting Secondary Metabolite Production in Plants: Volatile Components and Essential Oils","volume":"23","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(01)00128-5","article-title":"Chemical Variability in the Essential Oil of Hyptis suaveolens","volume":"57","author":"Azevedo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"155","article-title":"Composition of the Essential Oil of Artemisia absinthium L. of Different Geographical Origin","volume":"55","author":"Orav","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Est. Acad. Sci. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"75","article-title":"R\u00e9sistance des Plantes \u00e0 la S\u00e9cheresse: M\u00e9canismes Physiologiques","volume":"45","author":"Lamaze","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Journ\u00e9e ASF Assoc. S\u00e9lectionneurs Fran\u00e7ais"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/12538078.2011.10516292","article-title":"Activit\u00e9 Antioxydante et Composition Chimique Des Huiles Essentielles de Quatre Esp\u00e8ces de Thym Du Maroc","volume":"158","author":"Amarti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Gall."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1972","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Six Portuguese Thyme Species Essential Oils","volume":"25","author":"Dandlen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Bouhdid, S., Idaomar, M., Zhiri, A., Baudoux, D., Skali, N.S., and Abrini, J. (2006, January 9\u201312). Thymus Essential Oils: Chemical Composition and in Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities. Proceedings of the Congr\u00e8s International de Biochimie, Agadir, Morocco."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amaghnouje, A., Mechchate, H., Es-Safi, I., Boukhira, S.S., Aliqahtani, A.M., Noman, O.A., Nasr, F., Conte, R., Calarco, A., and Bousta, D. (2020). Subacute Assessment of the Toxicity and Antidepressant-Like Effects of Origanum majorana, L. Polyphenols in Swiss Albino Mice. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235653"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.01.051","article-title":"GC\/MS Analysis and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil and Methanol Extracts of Thymus caramanicus Jalas and Its Main Constituent Carvacrol","volume":"115","author":"Ebrahimabadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03703.x","article-title":"EUCAST Expert Rules in Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","volume":"19","author":"Leclercq","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2007.05.006","article-title":"Pr\u00e9valence et \u00e9tat de sensibilit\u00e9 aux antibiotiques d\u2019Acinetobacter baumannii dans un CHU marocain","volume":"37","author":"Lahsoune","year":"2007","journal-title":"M\u00e9d. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Berche, P., Gaillard, J.-L., Simonet, M., and Simonet, M. (1988). Bact\u00e9riologie: Bact\u00e9ries des Infections Humaines, Flammarion M\u00e9decine-Sciences."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Percival, S.L., Chalmers, R., Embrey, M., Hunter, P.R., Sellwood, J., and Wyn-Jones, P. (2004). Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases, Elsevier Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"3264","article-title":"Study on Genotype and Clinical Characteristics of Infection of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacter Cloacae","volume":"95","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2021.129928","article-title":"A Review of the Nanomaterials Use for the Diagnosis and Therapy of salmonella typhi","volume":"1230","author":"Arshad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2008). Directives pour la Lutte Contre la Shigellose, y Compris Lors d\u2019\u00c9pid\u00e9mies Dues \u00e0 Shigella Dysenteriae Type 1, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Baudoux, D. (2016). Aromatherapy: Healing with Essential Oils; (Douce Alternative), Les \u00c9ditions Amyris."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(03)00037-9","article-title":"Sensitivity of Four Pathogenic Bacteria to Turkish Thyme and Oregano Hydrosols","volume":"36","year":"2003","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.00969.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial Agents from Plants: Antibacterial Activity of Plant Volatile Oils","volume":"88","author":"Dorman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2005.11.019","article-title":"Antimicrobial Effects of Selected Plant Essential Oils on the Growth of a Pseudomonas Putida Strain Isolated from Meat","volume":"73","author":"Oussalah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(92)90035-2","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil Components","volume":"16","author":"Moleyar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867033457719","article-title":"Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Essential Oils","volume":"10","author":"Kalemba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6308","DOI":"10.1021\/jf060752y","article-title":"Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution, and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Achillea Ligustica All. from Corsica","volume":"54","author":"Filippi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"47","article-title":"Essential Oils and Their Constituents. IX. The Oils of Ocimum sanctum and Ocimum basilicum from Thailand","volume":"3","author":"Lawrence","year":"1972","journal-title":"Flavour Ind."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"222","article-title":"\u00c9tude de La Sensibilit\u00e9 Des Levures Aux Antifongiques En Pratique M\u00e9dicale","volume":"2003","author":"Piens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lett. Infect."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.2.314","article-title":"Comparative and Collaborative Evaluation of Standardization of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing for Filamentous Fungi","volume":"39","author":"Dawson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Debourgogne, A. (2021). Fusarium Solani, Typage Mol\u00e9culaire et M\u00e9canisme d\u2019Adaptation \u00e0 Son Environnement. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine]."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Bellakhdar, J. (1997). Pharmacop\u00e9e Marocaine Traditionnelle, Ibis Press."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(03)00088-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils on the Native Microflora of Organic Swiss Chard","volume":"36","author":"Ponce","year":"2003","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"68","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from Spices","volume":"31","author":"Meena","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-63.5.620","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Carvacrol toward Bacillus Cereus on Rice","volume":"63","author":"Ultee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08956.x","article-title":"Synergistic Effects of Nisin and Thymol on Antimicrobial Activities in Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus subtilis","volume":"183","author":"Ettayebi","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.106","article-title":"Biological Effects of Essential Oils\u2013A Review","volume":"46","author":"Bakkali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48739","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA17244B","article-title":"Anti-Bacterial Surfaces: Natural Agents, Mechanisms of Action, and Plasma Surface Modification","volume":"5","author":"Bazaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"6030","article-title":"Medicinal Chemistry Updates on Bacterial Efflux Pump Modulators","volume":"25","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"345","article-title":"Apparatus for the Determination of Volatile Oil","volume":"17","author":"Clevenger","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharm. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry, Allured Publishing Corporation."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"229","article-title":"Gas Chromatographic Characterization of Organic Substances in the Retention Index System","volume":"1","author":"Kovats","year":"1965","journal-title":"Adv. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (2021, July 15). Recherche des Donn\u00e9es D\u2019esp\u00e8ce par le Nom Chimique, Available online: http:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/chemistry."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5717052","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5717052","article-title":"Phenolic Content and Antioxidant, Antihyperlipidemic, and Antidiabetogenic Effects of Opuntia Dillenii Seed Oil","volume":"2020","author":"Bouhrim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.05.025","article-title":"Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic Content of Berberis vulgaris L. and Berberis Croatica Horvat","volume":"48","author":"Kremer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S319","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780600779401","article-title":"Antifungal Susceptibility Testing in Aspergillus spp. According to EUCAST Methodology","volume":"44","author":"Denning","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"925","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Cistus Ladanifer Var. Maculatus Dun","volume":"2021","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Karkouri, J., Bouhrim, M., Al Kamaly, O.M., Mechchate, H., Kchibale, A., Adadi, I., Amine, S., Alaoui Ismaili, S., and Zair, T. (2021). Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil from Cistus ladanifer L.. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10102068"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/1\/15\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:50:52Z","timestamp":1760169052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/1\/15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["plants11010015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants11010015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]}}}