{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:59:09Z","timestamp":1787911149440,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANTREPRENORDOC, in the framework of Human Resources Development Operational Programme 2014-2020, financed from the European Social Fund","award":["contract number 36355\/23.05.2019 HRD OP \/380\/6\/13 \u2013 SMIS Code: 123847."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["contract number 36355\/23.05.2019 HRD OP \/380\/6\/13 \u2013 SMIS Code: 123847."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to complete our research on Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg (U. barbata) from the C\u0103limani Mountains, Romania, with an elemental analysis and to explore its antibacterial and antifungal potential. Thus, we analyzed twenty-three metals (Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, Al, Ag, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Ni, Tl, V, Mo, Pd, Pt, Sb, As, Pb, Cd, and Hg) in dried U. barbata lichen (dUB) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). For the second study, we performed dried lichen extraction with five different solvents (ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water), obtaining five U. barbata dry extracts (UBDE). Then, using an adapted disc diffusion method (DDM), we examined their antimicrobial activity against seven bacterial species\u2014four Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus pneumoniae) and three Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa)\u2014and two fungi species (Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis). Usnic acid (UA) was used as a positive control. The ICP-MS data showed a considerable Ca content (979.766 \u00b5g\/g), followed by, in decreasing order, Mg, Mn, Al, Fe, and Zn. Other elements had low levels: Ba, Cu, Pb, and Cr (3.782\u20131.002 \u00b5g\/g); insignificant amounts (&lt;1 \u00b5g\/g) of Hg and V were also found in dUB. The trace elements Ag, As, Cd, Co, Li, Tl, Mo, Pd, Pt, and Sb were below detection limits (&lt;0.1 \u00b5g\/g). The DDM results\u2014expressed as the size (mm) of the inhibition zone diameter (IZs)\u2014proved that the water extract did not have any inhibitory activity on any pathogens (IZs = 0 mm). Gram-positive bacteria displayed the most significant susceptibility to all other UBDE, with Enterococcus casseliflavus showing the highest level (IZs = 20\u201322 mm). The most susceptible Gram-negative bacterium was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IZs = 16\u201320 mm); the others were insensitive to all U. barbata dry extracts (IZs = 0 mm). The inhibitory activity of UBDE and UA on Candida albicans was slightly higher than on Candida parapsilosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T21:40:21Z","timestamp":1640295621000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Elemental Analysis and In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg from C\u0103limani Mountains, Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9696-5728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violeta","family":"Popovici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bucur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 6 Capitan Al. Serbanescu Street, 900001 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana Ioana","family":"Calcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Tancabesti, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena Iulia","family":"Cucolea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Tancabesti, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2116-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodor","family":"Costache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Tancabesti, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Rambu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Instrumental Analysis SCIENT, 1E Petre Ispirescu Street, 077167 Tancabesti, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8876-1901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verginica","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University of Constanta, 6 Capitan Al. Serbanescu Street, 900001 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4372-4335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cerasela Elena","family":"G\u00eerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Gherghel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIRDBS, Institute of Biological Research Iasi, 47 Lascar Catargi Street, 700107 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Vochita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIRDBS, Institute of Biological Research Iasi, 47 Lascar Catargi Street, 700107 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aureliana","family":"Caraiane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Badea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.104709","article-title":"Natural products derived from plants as a source of drugs","volume":"3","author":"Veeresham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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