{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T09:36:27Z","timestamp":1768556187895,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria is the most lethal parasitic disease in the world. The frequent emergence of resistance by malaria parasites to any drug is the hallmark of sustained malaria burden. Since the deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) it is clear that for a sustained fight against malaria, drug combination is one of the strategies toward malaria elimination. In Sub-Saharan Africa where malaria prevalence is the highest, the identification of plants with a novel mechanism of action that is devoid of cross-resistance is a feasible strategy in drug combination therapy. Thus, artemether and lumefantrine were separately combined and tested with extracts of Securidaca longipedunculata, a plant widely used to treat malaria, at fixed extract\u2013drug ratios of 4:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4. These combinations were tested for antiplasmodial activity against three strains of Plasmodium falciparum (W2, D6, and DD2), and seven field isolates that were characterized for molecular and ex vivo drug resistance profiles. The mean sum of fifty-percent fractional inhibition concentration (FIC50) of each combination and singly was determined. Synergism was observed across all fixed doses when roots extracts were combined with artemether against D6 strain (FIC50 0.403 \u00b1 0.068) and stems extract combined with lumefantrine against DD2 strain (FIC50 0.376 \u00b1 0.096) as well as field isolates (FIC50 0.656 \u00b1 0.067). Similarly, synergism was observed in all ratios when leaves extract were combined with lumefantrine against W2 strain (FIC50 0.456 \u00b1 0.165). Synergism was observed in most combinations indicating the potential use of S. longipedunculata in combination with artemether and lumefantrine in combating resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T01:06:54Z","timestamp":1640567214000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Synergism in Antiplasmodial Activities of Artemether and Lumefantrine in Combination with Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7406-7492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas O.","family":"Ochora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062-10207, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3808-4126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esezah K.","family":"Kakudidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062-10207, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Namukobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062-10207, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Perpetua","family":"Ipulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062-10207, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dancan M.","family":"Wakoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Njoro P.O. Box 536-20115, Kenya"},{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)\u2014Walter Reed Project, Kisumu, Kisumu P.O. Box 54-40100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winnie","family":"Okore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)\u2014Walter Reed Project, Kisumu, Kisumu P.O. Box 54-40100, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno P.O. Box Private Bag-40105, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwin W.","family":"Mwakio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno P.O. Box Private Bag-40105, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Redempthah A.","family":"Yeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno P.O. Box Private Bag-40105, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnes C.","family":"Cheruiyot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno P.O. Box Private Bag-40105, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis W.","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno P.O. Box Private Bag-40105, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Andagalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno P.O. Box Private Bag-40105, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno P.O. Box Private Bag-40105, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernhards R.","family":"Ogutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu P.O. Box 1578-40100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1123-3200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abiy","family":"Yenesew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8584-2706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoseah M.","family":"Akala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno P.O. Box Private Bag-40105, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Malaria Report, WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2017.06.009","article-title":"Updates on k13 mutant alleles for artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"51","author":"Zaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a025619","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025619","article-title":"Antimalarial drug resistance: A threat to malaria elimination","volume":"7","author":"Menard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. 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