{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:17:17Z","timestamp":1784675837594,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRCT5-RRI63004-P05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRCT5-RRI63004-P05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), a hair loss disorder, is a genetic predisposition to sensitive androgens, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Unfortunately, current treatments with synthetic medicines contain a restricted mechanism along with side effects, whereas the bioactive constituents of plant extracts are multifunctional, with fewer side effects. The massive amounts of rice husk and bran are agricultural wastes that may cause pollution and environmental problems. Owing to these rationales, the local rice variety, Bue Bang 3 CMU (BB3CMU), which is grown in northern Thailand, was evaluated for the valuable utilization of rice by-products, husk (BB3CMU-H) and bran (BB3CMU-RB) extracts, for AGA treatment regarding antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-androgenic activities, and the characterization of bioactive compounds. Our study verified that BB3CMU-H had the highest level of polyphenols, contributing to its greater antioxidant activity. Conversely, BB3CMU-RB was the predominant source of tocopherols, resulting in better anti-androgenic activities regarding the downregulation of steroid 5\u03b1-reductase genes (SRD5A). Notably, anti-inflammation via the attenuation of nitric oxide productions was observed in BB3CMU-H (0.06 \u00b1 0.13 \u03bcM) and BB3CMU-RB (0.13 \u00b1 0.01 \u03bcM), which were significantly comparable to diclofenac sodium salt (0.13 \u00b1 0.19 \u03bcM). Therefore, the combination of BB3CMU-H and BB3CMU-RB could be utilized in cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical applications for AGA patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11030330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T04:49:51Z","timestamp":1643258991000},"page":"330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Antioxidation, Anti-Inflammation, and Regulation of SRD5A Gene Expression of Oryza sativa cv. Bue Bang 3 CMU Husk and Bran Extracts as Androgenetic Alopecia Molecular Treatment Substances"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8385-1155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiranan","family":"Khantham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2321-8956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pichchapa","family":"Linsaenkart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanakarn","family":"Chaitep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pensak","family":"Jantrawut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0696-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuda","family":"Chittasupho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8157-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornchai","family":"Rachtanapun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kittisak","family":"Jantanasakulwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3521-1599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuthana","family":"Phimolsiripol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7356-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarana Rose","family":"Sommano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanakan","family":"Prom-u-thai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanna Rice Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sansanee","family":"Jamjod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanna Rice Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6297-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaiwat","family":"Arjin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0089-8183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Korawan","family":"Sringarm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7302-5282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houda","family":"Berrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46100 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5630-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46100 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1427-7639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco David","family":"Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica e Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4794-8539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wutigri","family":"Nimlamool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3940-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warintorn","family":"Ruksiriwanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2017.12.027","article-title":"A hypothetical pathogenesis model for androgenic alopecia: Clarifying the dihydrotestosterone paradox and rate-limiting recovery factors","volume":"111","author":"English","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.09.009","article-title":"Androgens and androgen receptor action in skin and hair follicles","volume":"465","author":"Ceruti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7753.51923","article-title":"Oxidative stress in ageing of hair","volume":"1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Trichology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2010.10.015","article-title":"Molecular basis of androgenetic alopecia: From androgen to paracrine mediators through dermal papilla","volume":"61","author":"Inui","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-002-0402-y","article-title":"Nitric oxide in the human hair follicle: Constitutive and dihydrotestosterone-induced nitric oxide synthase expression and NO production in dermal papilla cells","volume":"81","author":"Wolf","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13732","article-title":"Examination of androgenetic alopecia with serum biomarkers","volume":"20","author":"Karabulut","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3570593","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthases: Structure, function and inhibition","volume":"357","author":"Alderton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06718.x","article-title":"Differential expression of nitric oxide synthases in human scalp epidermal and hair follicle pigmentary units: Implications for regulation of melanogenesis","volume":"153","author":"Sowden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2016.08.008","article-title":"Mechanism of action of herbs and their active constituents used in hair loss treatment","volume":"114","author":"Herman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-012-9402-1","article-title":"The interactions of oxidative stress and inflammation with vascular dysfunction in ageing: The vascular health triad","volume":"35","author":"Wadley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.05.030","article-title":"Baldness may be caused by the weight of the scalp: Gravity as a proposed mechanism for hair loss","volume":"71","author":"Ustuner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.28","article-title":"Oxidative stress\u2013associated senescence in dermal papilla cells of men with androgenetic alopecia","volume":"135","author":"Upton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"79","article-title":"Oxidative stress in androgenetic alopecia","volume":"9","author":"Prie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-02003-x","article-title":"Herbal preparations for the treatment of hair loss","volume":"312","author":"Kreft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3109\/09546630903578574","article-title":"Hair growth and rejuvenation: An overview","volume":"22","author":"Semalty","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.02.041","article-title":"Bioactive compounds from by-products of rice cultivation and rice processing: Extraction and application in the food and pharmaceutical industries","volume":"86","author":"Peanparkdee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2012.03.009","article-title":"Quantification of polyphenolic content and bioactive constituents of some commercial rice varieties in Taiwan","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-017-2832-0","article-title":"Optimization of ultrasound and microwave assisted extractions of polyphenols from black rice (Oryza sativa cv. Poireton) husk","volume":"54","author":"Jha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.86","article-title":"Rice antioxidants: Phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, tocopherols, tocotrienols, \u03b3-oryzanol, and phytic acid","volume":"2","author":"Goufo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.15586\/QAS2020.699","article-title":"Identifying rice grains with premium nutritional quality among on-farm germplasm in the highlands of northern Thailand","volume":"12","author":"Sreethong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual. Assur. Saf. Crop. Foods."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"85","article-title":"Characterization of on-farm rice germplasm in an area of the crop\u2019s center of diversity","volume":"16","author":"Jamjod","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chiang Mai J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1372","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polysaccharides from rice brans","volume":"45","author":"Surin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chiang Mai J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamuangmorn, S., and Promuthai, C. (2021). The potential of high-anthocyanin purple rice as a functional ingredient in human health. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060833"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.07.001","article-title":"Antioxidant capacities and phenolic compounds of the husk, bran and endosperm of Thai rice","volume":"119","author":"Butsat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO01763K","article-title":"Rice bran constituents: Immunomodulatory and therapeutic activities","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phuwadolpaisarn, P. (2021). Comparison of \u03b2-glucan content in milled rice, rice husk and rice bran from rice cultivars grown in different locations of Thailand and the relationship between \u03b2-glucan and amylose contents. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216368"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.02.025","article-title":"Characterization and immunomodulatory activity of rice hull polysaccharides","volume":"124","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcdf.2015.03.001","article-title":"Studies on functional and antioxidant property of dietary fibre extracted from defatted sesame husk, rice bran and flaxseed","volume":"5","author":"Nandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioact. Carbohydr. Diet. Fibre"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horvat, D., \u0160imi\u0107, G., Drezner, G., Lali\u0107, A., Leden\u010dan, T., Tucak, M., Plav\u0161i\u0107, H., Andri\u0107, L., and Zduni\u0107, Z. (2020). Phenolic acid profiles and antioxidant activity of major cereal crops. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9060527"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saji, N., Francis, N., Schwarz, L.J., Blanchard, C.L., and Santhakumar, A.B. (2020). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of rice bran phenolic extracts. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9060829"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.035","article-title":"Natural forms of vitamin E: Metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and their role in disease prevention and therapy","volume":"72","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, G.Y., and Han, S.N. (2018). The role of vitamin E in immunity. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111614"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.12.092","article-title":"Bioactive compounds in rice during grain development","volume":"127","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700029","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201700029","article-title":"Oxidative stress management in the hair follicle: Could targeting NRF2 counter age-related hair disorders and beyond?","volume":"39","author":"Jadkauskaite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2011.01.008","article-title":"Comparison of ABTS\/DPPH assays to measure antioxidant capacity in popular antioxidant-rich US foods","volume":"24","author":"Floegel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13674","article-title":"Antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of sulphated polysaccharides from purple glutinous rice bran (Oryza sativa L.)","volume":"53","author":"Surin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.04.031","article-title":"Phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of solvent extracts from Japonica rice bran","volume":"117","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67266-1","article-title":"Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from purple glutinous rice bran (Oryza sativa L.) and their antioxidant activities","volume":"10","author":"Surin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2013.06.110","article-title":"Spectroscopic studies on the antioxidant activity of p-coumaric acid","volume":"115","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7432797","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7432797","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation: What polyphenols can do for us?","volume":"2016","author":"Hussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woranam, K., Senawong, G., Utaiwat, S., Yunchalard, S., Sattayasai, J., and Senawong, T. (2020). Anti-inflammatory activity of the dietary supplement Houttuynia cordata fermentation product in RAW264. 7 cells and Wistar rats. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230645"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, J., Lu, X., Wei, T., Dong, Y., Cai, Z., Tang, L., and Liu, M. (2018). Asperuloside and asperulosidic acid exert an anti-inflammatory effect via suppression of the NF-\u03baB and MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19072027"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"45673","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids: Genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein inhibit STAT-1 and NF-kappaB activations, whereas flavone, isorhamnetin, naringenin, and pelargonidin inhibit only NF-kappaB activation along with their inhibitory effect on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages","volume":"2007","author":"Nieminen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2165","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory potential of saponins derived from cultured wild ginseng roots in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5271","DOI":"10.1021\/jf034466n","article-title":"Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) pigmented fraction suppresses both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in chemical and biological model systems","volume":"51","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"77","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study on the hair growth promoting effect of Yonnyuniksoogobon-dan","volume":"29","author":"Jeong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Korean Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5625\/lar.2015.31.1.24","article-title":"Effectiveness of the combinational treatment of Laminaria japonica and Cistanche tubulosa extracts in hair growth","volume":"31","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.06.003","article-title":"An overview on immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of chrysin and flavonoids substances","volume":"92","author":"Zeinali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00817-6","article-title":"Mechanism of vitamin E inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity in macrophages from old mice: Role of peroxynitrite","volume":"32","author":"Beharka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, J., Yang, T., Xu, Y., Luo, Y., Zhong, X., Shi, L., Hu, T., Guo, T., Nie, Y., and Luo, F. (2018). \u03b4-Tocotrienol, isolated from rice bran, exerts an anti-inflammatory effect via MAPKs and PPARs signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103022"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000710306","article-title":"Male hormone stimulation is prerequisite and an incitant in common baldness","volume":"71","author":"Hamilton","year":"1942","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-017-1798-0","article-title":"5\u03b1-Reductase isozymes and aromatase mRNA levels in plucked hair from young women with female pattern hair loss","volume":"310","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12335779","article-title":"Different levels of 5\u03b1-reductase type I and II, aromatase, and androgen receptor in hair follicles of women and men with androgenetic alopecia","volume":"109","author":"Sawaya","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"2875","article-title":"5\u03b1-Reductase type 2 is constitutively expressed in the dermal papilla and connective tissue sheath of the hair follicle in vivo but not during culture in vitro","volume":"86","author":"Asada","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1515\/HMBCI.2010.035","article-title":"Human type 3 5\u03b1-reductase is expressed in peripheral tissues at higher levels than types 1 and 2 and its activity is potently inhibited by finasteride and dutasteride","volume":"2","author":"Yamana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khantham, C., Yooin, W., Sringarm, K., Sommano, S.R., Jiranusornkul, S., Carmona, F.D., Nimlamool, W., Jantrawut, P., Rachtanapun, P., and Ruksiriwanich, W. (2021). Effects on steroid 5-alpha reductase gene expression of Thai rice bran extracts and molecular dynamics study on SRD5A2. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10040319"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"180","article-title":"Pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical biological activities of hemp (Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa) leaf and seed extracts","volume":"46","author":"Manosroi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chiang Mai J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1166\/asl.2012.3657","article-title":"In vivo hair growth promotion activity of gel containing niosomes loaded with the Oryza sativa bran fraction (OSF3)","volume":"16","author":"Manosroi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7339","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2012.6501","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties of cationic niosomes loaded with fraction of rice (Oryza sativa) bran extract","volume":"12","author":"Manosroi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"220","article-title":"5\u03b1-reductase inhibition and melanogenesis induction of the selected Thai plant extracts","volume":"45","author":"Manosroi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chiang Mai J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2011.07.017","article-title":"5\u03b1-Reductase type 1 inhibition of Oryza sativa bran extract prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide fluid","volume":"59","author":"Ruksiriwanich","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2018.01.001","article-title":"Development and evaluation of antisense shRNA-encoding plasmid loaded solid lipid nanoparticles against 5-\u03b1 reductase activity","volume":"44","author":"Akbaba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Techno."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19548","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)41809-1","article-title":"Tissue distribution and kinetic characteristics of rat steroid 5 alpha-reductase isozymes. evidence for distinct physiological functions","volume":"267","author":"Normington","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2850557","article-title":"Inhibition of steroid 5\u03b1-reductase by specific aliphatic unsaturated fatty acids","volume":"285","author":"Liang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(02)00848-1","article-title":"Structure\u2013activity relationships for inhibition of human 5\u03b1-reductases by polyphenols","volume":"63","author":"Hiipakka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-1991-900813","article-title":"Cutaneous immunopathology of androgenetic alopecia","volume":"90","author":"Young","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.06.104","article-title":"Phenolic contents, cellular antioxidant activity and antiproliferative capacity of different varieties of oats","volume":"239","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.02.019","article-title":"Antioxidant potential of non-oil seed legumes of Indonesian\u2019s ethnobotanical extracts","volume":"13","author":"Diniyah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.04.024","article-title":"Character and laxative activity of polysaccharides isolated from Dendrobium officinale","volume":"34","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2021.102104","article-title":"Evaluation of an edible polyherbal formulation against urinary tract infection pathogens, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential","volume":"35","author":"Abbas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.04.029","article-title":"LC\/MS method development for the determination of the phenolic compounds of Tunisian Ephedra alata hydro-methanolic extract and its fractions and evaluation of their antioxidant activities","volume":"124","author":"Mighri","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.04.074","article-title":"Healthy novel gluten-free formulations based on beans, carob fruit and rice: Extrusion effect on organic acids, tocopherols, phenolic compounds and bioactivity","volume":"292","author":"Arribas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-997-0040-1","article-title":"A rapid method for the determination of vitamin E forms in tissues and diet by high-performance liquid chromatography using a normal-phase diol column","volume":"32","author":"Kramer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1166\/asl.2012.4265","article-title":"In vitro immunostimulating activity of the dried sap from fermented Thai rice on human and murine neutrophils","volume":"17","author":"Manosroi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"946","article-title":"Optimization of placenta extraction for wound healing activity","volume":"46","author":"Ruksiriwanich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chiang Mai J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2017.03.005","article-title":"In vitro enzyme inhibitory properties, antioxidant activities, and phytochemical profile of Potentilla thuringiaca","volume":"20","author":"Grochowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruksiriwanich, W., Khantham, C., Sringarm, K., Sommano, S., and Jantrawut, P. (2020). Depigmented Centella asiatica extraction by pretreated with supercritical carbon dioxide fluid for wound healing application. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8030277"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.15338","article-title":"Anti-inflammation of bioactive compounds from ethanolic extracts of edible bamboo mushroom (Dictyophora indusiata) as functional health promoting food ingredients","volume":"57","author":"Ruksiriwanich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1361","article-title":"5 alpha-reductase expression by prostate cancer cell lines and benign prostatic hyperplasia in vitro","volume":"81","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D., Cho, H., Eggers, R., Kim, S.K., Ryu, C.S., and Kim, Y.J. (2021). Development of a liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry-based inhibition assay for the screening of steroid 5-\u03b1 reductase in human and fish cell lines. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26040893"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Pan, X., and Zhang, B. (2021). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR: An effective method to explore the regulation of gene transcription level affected by environmental pollutants. Environmental Toxicology and Toxicogenomics: Principles, Methods and Applications, Springer."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/3\/330\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:08:31Z","timestamp":1760134111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/3\/330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["plants11030330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants11030330","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]}}}