{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:12:16Z","timestamp":1790403136635,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous reports confirm the positive effect of biochar application on soil properties and plant development. However, the interaction between root-associated beneficial microbes and different types of biochar is not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the plant growth of lettuce after the application of three types of biochar in loamy, sandy soil individually and in combination with plant-beneficial microbes. Furthermore, total microbial activity in rhizosphere soil of lettuce was measured by means of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolase and enzyme activities linked to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling. We used three types of biochar: (i) pyrolysis char from cherry wood (CWBC), (ii) pyrolysis char from wood (WBC), and (iii) pyrolysis char from maize (MBC) at 2% concentration. Our results showed that pyrolysis biochars positively affected plant interaction with microbial inoculants. Plant dry biomass grown on soil amended with MBC in combination with Klebsiella sp. BS13 and Klebsiella sp. BS13 + Talaromyces purpureogenus BS16aPP inoculants was significantly increased by 5.8% and 18%, respectively, compared to the control plants. Comprehensively, interaction analysis showed that the biochar effect on soil enzyme activities involved in N and P cycling depends on the type of microbial inoculant. Microbial strains exhibited plant growth-promoting traits, including the production of indole 3-acetic-acid and hydrogen cyanide and phosphate-solubilizing ability. The effect of microbial inoculant also depends on the biochar type. In summary, these findings provide new insights into the understanding of the interactions between biochar and microbial inoculants, which may affect lettuce growth and development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11030423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:38:40Z","timestamp":1644179920000},"page":"423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The Integrated Effect of Microbial Inoculants and Biochar Types on Soil Biological Properties, and Plant Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-0373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vyacheslav","family":"Shurigin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2327-9545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilfuza","family":"Jabborova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 111226, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8893-1616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeane Aril","family":"dela Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5505-3498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Edison","family":"dela Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines"},{"name":"Fungal Biodiversity, Ecogenomics, and Systematics (FBeS) Group, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2261-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 M\u00fcncheberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7392-7796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonoko Dorothea","family":"Bellingrath-Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 M\u00fcncheberg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Science, Humboldt University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9811-9277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilfuza","family":"Egamberdieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan"},{"name":"Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 M\u00fcncheberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2011.04.022","article-title":"Biochar effects on soil biota\u2014A review","volume":"43","author":"Lehmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2012.0151","article-title":"Environmental benefits of biochar","volume":"41","author":"Ippolito","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12037","article-title":"Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: A meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Biederman","year":"2013","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/SS.0b013e3181981d9a","article-title":"Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of a southeastern coastal plain soil","volume":"174","author":"Novak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, H., Egamberdieva, D., Wirth, S., Li, Q., Omari, R.A., Hou, M., and Bellingrath-Kimura, S.D. (2019). Effect of biochar and irrigation on the interrelationships among soybean growth, root nodulation, plant P uptake, and soil nutrients in a sandy field. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11236542"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, H., Egamberdieva, D., Wirth, S., and Bellingrath-Kimura, S.D. (2019). Effect of biochar and irrigation on soybean-rhizobium symbiotic performance and soil enzymatic activity in field rhizosphere. Agronomy, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9100626"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6832-4-44","article-title":"Impact of biochar on the water holding capacity of loamy sand soil","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1071\/SR07109","article-title":"Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment","volume":"45","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. J. Soil Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-010-0544-6","article-title":"Biochar impact on development and productivity of pepper and tomato grown in fertigated soilless media","volume":"337","author":"Graber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Soil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00209","article-title":"Biochar treatment resulted in a combined effect on soybean growth promotion and a shift in plant growth promoting rhizobacteria","volume":"7","author":"Egamberdieva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02423","article-title":"Soil amendments with different maize biochars, to varying degrees, improve chickpea growth under drought by improving symbiotic performance with Mesorhizobium ciceri and soil biochemical properties","volume":"10","author":"Egamberdieva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"112","article-title":"Maize yield and associated soil quality changes in cassava + maize intercropping system after 3 years of biochar application","volume":"1","author":"Islami","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-012-0128-3","article-title":"Enhanced wheat yield by biochar addition under different mineral fertilization levels","volume":"33","author":"Alburquerque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2000.890203.x","article-title":"Charcoal as a habitat for microbes and its effects on the microbial community of the underlying humus","volume":"89","author":"Kiikkila","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00148-11","article-title":"Impact of biochar application to soil on the root-associated bacterial community structure of fully developed greenhouse pepper plants","volume":"77","author":"Kolton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2016.11.007","article-title":"Biochar-based inoculum of Bradyrhizobium sp. improves plant growth and yield of lupin (Lupinus albus L.) under drought stress","volume":"78","author":"Egamberdieva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01887","article-title":"Endophytic bacteria improve plant growth, symbiotic performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and induce suppression of root rot caused by Fusarium solani under salt stress","volume":"28","author":"Egamberdieva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00896","article-title":"Beyond Plant Microbiome Composition: Exploiting Microbial Functions and Plant Traits via Integrated Approaches","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2020.101270","article-title":"Biochar increases enzyme activity and total microbial quality of soil grown with sugarcane","volume":"21","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.06.074","article-title":"Molecular characterization of biochars and their influence on microbiological properties of soil","volume":"279","author":"Chintala","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69183-9","article-title":"Potential role of compost mixed biochar with rhizobacteria in mitigating lead toxicity in spinach","volume":"10","author":"Abid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2016.10.005","article-title":"Biochar and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria effects on switchgrass (Panicum virgatum cv. Cave-in-Rock) for biomass production in southern Qu\u00e9bec depend on soil type and location","volume":"95","author":"Shanta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5139","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8393","article-title":"Synergistic use of biochar, compost and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for enhancing cucumber growth under water deficit conditions","volume":"97","author":"Nadeem","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Dela Cruz, T.E.E., Din, H.J.F., and Aril-dela Cruz, J.V. (2021). Microbes for Sustainable Agriculture: Isolation and Identification of Beneficial Soil- and Plant-Associated Microorganisms, SEARCA. SEARCA Professorial Chair Lecture Monograph No. 6."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.09.075","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of organic versus conventional agriculture. A case study of lettuce cultivation in Greece","volume":"112","author":"Foteinis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.14429\/dlsj.2.11357","article-title":"Lettuce: A promising leafy vegetable with functional properties","volume":"2","author":"Anilakumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Def. Life Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2015.03.015","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties and microbial responses in biochar-amended soils: Mechanisms and future directions","volume":"206","author":"Gul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7614-5","article-title":"Responses of bacterial community and functional marker genes of nitrogen cycling to biochar, compost and combined amendments in soil","volume":"100","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2011.0058","article-title":"Kinetics of carbon mineralisation of biochars compared with wheat straw in three soils","volume":"41","author":"Qayyum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-015-1293-1","article-title":"Salt-affected soils, reclamation, carbon dynamics, and biochar: A review","volume":"16","author":"Amini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2011.07.019","article-title":"Localisation of nitrate in the rhizosphere of biochar-amended soils","volume":"43","author":"Duvall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.12.036","article-title":"Effects of bamboo biochar on soybean root nodulation in multi-elements contaminated soils","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s42398-020-00116-y","article-title":"Plant growth response of broad bean (Vicia faba, L.) to biochar amendment of loamy sand soil under irrigated and drought conditions","volume":"3","author":"Egamberdieva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egamberdieva, D., Shurigin, V., Alaylar, B., Ma, H., M\u00fcller, M.E.H., Wirth, S., Reckling, M., and Bellingrath-Kimura, S.D. (2020). The effect of biochars and endophytic bacteria on growth and root rot disease incidence of Fusarium infested narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040496"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2013.06.004","article-title":"Life in the \u2018charosphere\u2019-does biochar in agricultural soil provide a significant habitat for microorganisms?","volume":"65","author":"Quilliam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2021.103912","article-title":"Eggplant by grafting enhanced with biochar recruits specific microbes for disease suppression of Verticillium wilt","volume":"163","author":"Ogundeji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.454","article-title":"Straw biochar increases the abundance of inorganic phosphate solubilizing bacterial community for better rape (Brassica napus) growth and phosphate uptake","volume":"647","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2014.08.001","article-title":"Evaluation of Pinewood Biochar as a Carrier of Bacterial Strain Enterobacter cloacae UW5 for Soil Inoculation","volume":"84","author":"Hale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.200321283","article-title":"Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria isolated from calcisol soil in a semiarid region of Uzbekistan: Biochemical characterisation and effectiveness","volume":"168","author":"Egamberdiyeva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Nutr. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0140231","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140231","article-title":"Genome analysis of Pseudomonas fluorescens PCL1751: A rhizobacterium that controls root diseases and alleviates salt stress for its plant host","volume":"1371","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-009-0050-x","article-title":"Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility","volume":"327","author":"Kimber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.03.124","article-title":"Organic amendments: Effect on carbon mineralization and crop productivity in acidic soil","volume":"152","author":"Sarma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egamberdieva, D., Alaylar, B., Kistaubayeva, A., Wirth, S., and Bellingrath-Kimura, S.D. (2021). Biochar for improving soil biological properties and mitigating salt stress in plants on salt-affected soils. Comm. Plant Soil Sci., 140\u2013152.","DOI":"10.1080\/00103624.2021.1993884"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1626\/pps.18.197","article-title":"Continuous application of biochar inoculated with root nodule bacteria to subsoil enhances yield of soybean by the nodulation control using crack fertilization technique","volume":"18","author":"Iijima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1048","article-title":"Biochar based inoculants improve soybean growth and nodulation","volume":"8","author":"Schwinghamer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01355","article-title":"Rhizobial inoculation increases soil microbial functioning and gum arabic production of 13-year-old Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton, trees in the north part of Senegal","volume":"7","author":"Fall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3329\/agric.v17i1-2.44698","article-title":"Biochar on soil fertility and crop productivity","volume":"17","author":"Haque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agriculturists"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.04.032","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of biochar-microbe interactions in soil improvement and pollution remediation: A review","volume":"227","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Shoaf, N.L. (2014). Biochar and vermicompost amendments in vegetable cropping systems: Impacts on soil quality, soil-borne pathogens and crop productivity. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Purdue University]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044029","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aab53a","article-title":"Biochar amendment decreases soil microbial biomass and increases bacterial diversity in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) plantations under simulated nitrogen deposition","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-011-1067-5","article-title":"Decreased soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralisation with Eucalyptus biochar addition to a coarse textured soil","volume":"354","author":"Dempster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1071\/SR10014","article-title":"Effect of banded biochar on dryland wheat production and fertiliser use in south-western Australia: An agronomic and economic perspective","volume":"48","author":"Blackwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. J. Soil Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2013.06.025","article-title":"Biochar from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and its impact on soil biological activity","volume":"111","author":"Masto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01785","article-title":"Hydrogen Cyanide in the Rhizosphere: Not Suppressing Plant Pathogens, but Rather Regulating Availability of Phosphate","volume":"7","author":"Rijavec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2018.11.003","article-title":"Response of microbial communities and enzyme activities to amendments in saline-alkaline soils","volume":"135","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2015.08.018","article-title":"Maise biochar addition rate influences soil enzyme activity and microbial community composition in a fluvo-aquic soil","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2015.01.014","article-title":"Impact of quality and quantity of biochar and hydrochar on soil collembola and growth of spring wheat","volume":"8","author":"Reibe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1139\/m75-088","article-title":"Hydrogen cyanide, a secondary metabolite of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"21","author":"Castric","year":"1975","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-002-3857-8","article-title":"Characterization of a new Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain NJ-15 as a potential biocontrol agent","volume":"46","author":"Bano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"362","article-title":"Mobilization of phosphorous in soil in the connection with vital activity of some microbial species","volume":"17","author":"Pikovskaya","year":"1948","journal-title":"Mikorobiologiya"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2005.06.020","article-title":"Assay for fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity: Optimalization for soil samples","volume":"38","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(69)90012-1","article-title":"Use of p-nitrophenol phosphate for the assay of soil phosphatase activity","volume":"1","author":"Tabatabai","year":"1969","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dick, R.P. (2011). Phosphorus cycle enzymes. Methods of Soil Enzymology, SSSA.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssabookser9"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(72)90038-7","article-title":"Short-term assays of soil proteolytic enzyme activities using proteins and dipeptide derivatives as substrates","volume":"4","author":"Ladd","year":"1972","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/3\/423\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:13:51Z","timestamp":1760134431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/3\/423"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["plants11030423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants11030423","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]}}}