{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T10:39:44Z","timestamp":1768991984563,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and Startups (MSS), Korea; the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","award":["Regional Star-Enterprise Development Program (R&D, S2908763); MAFRA, 821003-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Regional Star-Enterprise Development Program (R&D, S2908763); MAFRA, 821003-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Particulate matter (PM) exposure may cause adverse health effects such as respiratory disorders. We evaluated the protective effects of various Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) extracts on airway inflammation associated with exposure to PM10D with an aerodynamic diameter &lt;10 \u03bcm (PM10) and diesel exhaust particles (DEP). BALB\/c mice were exposed to PM10D via intranasal tracheal injection three times over a period of 12 days and various OFI extracts (water, 30% ethanolic, or 50% ethanolic extracts) were administered orally for 12 days. All OFI extracts suppressed neutrophil infiltration and the number of immune cells (CD3+\/CD4+, CD3+\/CD8+, and Gr-1+\/CD11b) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs. OFI extracts decreased the expression of cytokines and chemokines, including chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)-1, interleukin (IL)-17, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, cyclooxygenase-2, IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-5, IL-6, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1, and mucin 5AC, and inhibited IRAK-1, TNF-\u03b1, and CXCL-1 localization in BALF and lungs of mice with PM10D-induced airway inflammation. Serum asymmetric and symmetric dimethyl arginine levels were also decreased by OFI extracts treatment. Moreover, all OFI extracts restored histopathological damage in the trachea and lungs of mice with PM10D-induced airway inflammation. These results indicate that OFI extracts may be used to prevent and treat airway inflammation and respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11040520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:58:03Z","timestamp":1644872283000},"page":"520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Opuntia ficus-indica Alleviates Particulate Matter 10 Plus Diesel Exhaust Particles (PM10D)\u2014Induced Airway Inflammation by Suppressing the Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Young-Sil","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AtoGen Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34015, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4493-9787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won-Kyung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye-Rin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5645-869X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang-Chun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In-Jae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hurum Co., Ltd. Room 416, Daeryung Techno-Town III, 115, Gasan Digital 2-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08505, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3774-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geung-Joo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Sik","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bong-Kyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hurum Co., Ltd. Room 416, Daeryung Techno-Town III, 115, Gasan Digital 2-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08505, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4598-1733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Hyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2016). 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