{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:09:31Z","timestamp":1790708971827,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thymus capitatus and Thymus broussonnetii are two Moroccan endemic medicinal plants used traditionally by the local population. The present study aims to investigate their essential oil chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined using the GC-MS analysis, the antioxidant activity assessed using DPPH and FRAP methods while the antimicrobial activity was evaluated against nine bacteria species tested (Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia fonticola, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella oxytoca, sensitive Klebsiella pneumoniae, sensitive Escherichia coli, resistant Escherichia coli, resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogenes). The major identified compounds of T. capitatus essential oil where carvacrol (75%) and p-cymene (10.58%) while carvacrol (60.79%), thymol (12.9%), p-cymene (6.21%) and \u03b3-terpinene (4.47%) are the main compounds in T. broussonnetii essential oil. The bioactivity of the essential oils of the two species of thyme was explained by their richness in oxygenated monoterpenes known for their great effectiveness with an IC50 of 3.48 \u00b1 0.05 and 4.88 \u00b1 0.04 \u03bcL\/mL and EC50 of 0.12 \u00b1 0.01 and 0.20 \u00b1 0.02 \u03bcL\/mL in the DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively, with an important antibacterial activity. These results encourage the use of these plants as a source of natural antioxidants, and antibacterial additives, to protect food from oxidative damage and to eliminate bacteria that are responsible for nosocomial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11070954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T21:34:29Z","timestamp":1648762469000},"page":"954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Thymus broussonetii Boiss and Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmann and Link Essential Oils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Imane","family":"Tagnaout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Isma\u00efl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannou","family":"Zerkani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Isma\u00efl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Hadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Isma\u00efl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bouchra","family":"El Moumen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Isma\u00efl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadoua","family":"El Makhoukhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Isma\u00efl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratoire Centre Eau, Ressources Naturelles, Environnement Et D\u00e9veloppement Durable, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V, Rabat B.P. 8007, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9944-811X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Bouhrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Isma\u00efl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1747-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashad","family":"Al-Salahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6496-7822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahd A.","family":"Nasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-9089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza","family":"Mechchate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Touriya","family":"Zair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Isma\u00efl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, December 12). World Health Organization, Antimicrobial resistance, WHO Media Center. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012462","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3012462","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils against human pathogens and their mode of action: An updated review","volume":"2016","author":"Swamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2016.06.004","article-title":"A review of global initiatives to fight antibiotic resistance and recent antibiotics\u2019 discovery","volume":"6","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Es-safi, I., Mechchate, H., Amaghnouje, A., Kamaly, O.M.A., Jawhari, F.Z., Imtara, H., Grafov, A., and Bousta, D. (2021). The Potential of Parsley Polyphenols and Their Antioxidant Capacity to Help in the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: An In Vivo Subacute Study. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26072009"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"37","article-title":"Studies on activity of conventional antibiotics","volume":"71","author":"Ito","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.02.018","article-title":"Chemical characterization, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity against food related microor-ganisms of Citrus limon var. pompia leaf essential oil","volume":"69","author":"Fancello","year":"2016","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9063","DOI":"10.1021\/jf101620c","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antioxidant and Anti-Listeria Activities of Essential Oils Obtained from Some Egyptian Plants","volume":"58","author":"Sendra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"255","article-title":"Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils","volume":"6","author":"Hammer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lipids Essent. Oils Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1231","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12492","article-title":"Essential Oils: Extraction, Bioactivities, and Their Uses for Food Preservation","volume":"79","author":"Tongnuanchan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.106","article-title":"Biological effects of essential oils-A review","volume":"46","author":"Bakkali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.10.011","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts and essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis, depending on location and seasonal variations","volume":"100","author":"Celiktas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Es-safi, I., Mechchate, H., Amaghnouje, A., Elbouzidi, A., Bouhrim, M., Bencheikh, N., Hano, C., and Bousta, D. (2021). Assessment of Antidepressant-Like, Anxiolytic Effects and Impact on Memory of Pimpinella Anisum L. Total Extract on Swiss Albino Mice. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10081573"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"104","article-title":"Evaluation of chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil and methanolic extract of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. glandulosum (DESF.) Ietswaart from Algeria","volume":"8","author":"Bouhaddouda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.07.063","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils obtained from wild and cultivated Moroccan Thymus species","volume":"43","author":"Jamali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.06.035","article-title":"Chemical and biological characteristics of Cuminum cyminum and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils","volume":"102","author":"Gachkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.03.018","article-title":"Chemical composition and biological activities of Algerian Thymus oils","volume":"116","author":"Hazzit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"93","article-title":"An overview on genus Thymus","volume":"6","author":"Pirbalouti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.10.006","article-title":"Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor activity of Thymus serpyllum L., Thymus algeriensis Boiss. and Reut and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils","volume":"52","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballester-Costa, C., Sendra, E., Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez, J., P\u00e9rez-\u00c1lvarez, J.A., and Viuda-Martos, M. (2017). Assessment of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties on Meat Homogenates of Essential Oils Obtained from Four Thymus Species Achieved from Organic Growth. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6080059"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208786404218","article-title":"Portuguese Thymbra and Thymus Species Volatiles: Chemical Composition and Biological Activities","volume":"14","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Benabid, A. (2000). Flore et Ecosyst\u00e8mes du Maroc: Evaluation et Pr\u00e9servation de la Biodiversit\u00e9, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, A., Miguel, M., Antunes, M., Figueiredo, A., Pedro, L., and Barroso, J. (2010). Antioxidant Activity of Thymbra Capitata Essential Oil in Meat-Treated Oil. International Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-SIPAM2009 853, International Society for Horticultural Science.","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2010.853.37"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"11","article-title":"Etude ethnobotaniqueaupr\u00e8s de la population riveraine de la for\u00eatd\u2019Amsitt\u00e8ne: Cas de la Commune d\u2019Imin\u2019Tlit (Province d\u2019Essaouira)","volume":"29","author":"Mehdioui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. L\u2019institut Sci. Rabat Sect. Sci. La Vie"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1989","article-title":"Statistiques et commentaires sur l\u2019inventaireactuel de la florevasculaire du Maroc","volume":"1986","author":"Fennane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Flora"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/phytotaxa.78.1.1","article-title":"The endemic flora of Morocco","volume":"78","author":"Rankou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytotaxa"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"342","article-title":"Composition chimique et activit\u00e9antimicrobienne des huilesessentielles de Thymus capitatus et de Thymus bleicherianus du Maroc","volume":"6","author":"Amarti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phy-totherapie"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2012.02696.x","article-title":"Concentration of Antioxidant Polyphenols from Thymus capitatus extracts by Membrane Process Technology","volume":"77","author":"Achour","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Bouchikhi, T. (2011). Luttecontre la Bruche du Haricot Acanthoscelidesobtectus (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) et la mite Tineolabisselliella( Lepidoptera, Tineidae) par des plantesaromatiques et leurshuilesessentielles, Universit\u00e9 AboubakrBelkaid."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.03.059","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oils isolated from Tunisian Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link","volume":"105","author":"Bounatirou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2011.12.003","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Thymus maroccanus and Thymus broussonetii essential oils against nosocomial in-fection\u2013bacteria and their synergistic potential with antibiotics","volume":"19","author":"Fadli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201200041","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antioxidant and Anticandidal Activities of Essential Oils from Different Wild Moroccan Thymus Species","volume":"9","author":"Jamali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghaddam, M., and Mehdizadeh, L. (2017). Chemistry of Essential Oils and Factors Influencing Their Constituents. Soft Chemistry and Food Fermentation, Academic Press. Chapter 13.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811412-4.00013-8"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"5773","article-title":"Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils and solvent extracts of Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns and link from Morocco","volume":"5","author":"Paolini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2015.05.017","article-title":"Influence of harvesting time on composition of the essential oil of Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link. growing wild in northern Sicily and its activity on microorganisms affecting historical art crafts","volume":"12","author":"Casiglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2010.08.008","article-title":"Screening of the essential oil composition of wild Sicilian thyme","volume":"38","author":"Napoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"58","article-title":"Analysis of essential oils of three wild medicinal plants in Albania","volume":"5","author":"Ibraliu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"183","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of the essential oils and extracts of Portuguese Thymbra capitata and Thymus masti-china","volume":"21","author":"Bentes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ital. J. food Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1999.00605.x","article-title":"In-vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils","volume":"29","author":"Cosentino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2009.0117","article-title":"Essential Oil of Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link. from Matmata, Tunisia: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities","volume":"13","author":"Mkaddem","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2003-9-1016","article-title":"Analysis of essential oil of Coridothymus capitatus (L.) and its antibacterial and antifungal activity","volume":"58","author":"Goren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Naturforsch. C"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(14)60573-9","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils of Thymus Broussonetii Boiss. and Thymus Algeriensis Boiss. from Morocco","volume":"4","author":"Hamdani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"230","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Insecticidal Activities of the Endemic Thymus broussonettiBoiss. and Thymus maroccanus Ball","volume":"4","author":"Belaqziz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2010.03.020","article-title":"Anticandidal activity of the essential oils of Thymus maroccanus and Thymus broussonetii and their synergism with amphotericin B and fluconazol","volume":"17","author":"Saad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"13","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of four chemically different essential oils","volume":"92","author":"Errifi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Riv. Ital. Eppos Sesto"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Karkouri, J., Bouhrim, M., Al Kamaly, O.M., Mechchate, H., Kchibale, A., Adadi, I., Amine, S., Alaoui Ismaili, S., and Zair, T. (2021). Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil from Cistus ladanifer L.. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10102068"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6632","DOI":"10.1021\/jf501006y","article-title":"Assessment of Antioxidative, Chelating, and DNA-Protective Effects of Selected Essential Oil Components (Eugenol, Carvacrol, Thymol, Borneol, Eucalyptol) of Plants and Intact Rosmarinus officinalis Oil","volume":"62","author":"Horvathova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radi, F.Z., Bouhrim, M., Mechchate, H., Al-zahrani, M., Qurtam, A.A., Aleissa, A.M., Drioiche, A., Handaq, N., and Zair, T. (2021). Phytochemical Analysis, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Thymus zygis L. and Thymus Willdenowii Boiss. Essential Oils. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010015"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56580-y","article-title":"Chemical composition, Fatty acids profile and Biological properties of Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns, essential Oil","volume":"9","author":"Nouir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/12538078.2011.10516292","article-title":"Activit\u00e9antioxydante et composition chimique des huiles essentielles de quatre esp\u00e8ces de thym du Maroc","volume":"158","author":"Amarti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Gallica"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2008.10.021","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide purified from Pteridium aquilinum","volume":"344","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"11","article-title":"Essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L.: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, cytotoxicity and antioxidant properties and antibacterial ac-tivities against foodborne pathogens","volume":"5","author":"Miladi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152487","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/152487","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Thymus capitata Essential Oil with Its Preservative Effect against Listeria monocytogenes Inoculated in Minced Beef Meat","volume":"2014","author":"Kaabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12409","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12409","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Thymus capitatus and Thymus algeriensis essential oils against four food-borne pathogens inoculated in minced beef meat","volume":"38","author":"Jayari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.9734\/BBJ\/2013\/3596","article-title":"Antibacterial and Antiviral Activities of Essential Oils of Northern Moroccan Plants","volume":"3","author":"Sanchez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2008.10.008","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils using food model media: Efficacy, synergistic potential and interactions with food components","volume":"26","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"247","article-title":"Antibacterial activity in vitro of Thymus capitatus from Jordan","volume":"22","author":"Qaralleh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022","article-title":"Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods\u2014A review","volume":"94","author":"Burt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2011.08.031","article-title":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils, extracts and their main components from oregano from Madeira Island, Portugal","volume":"23","author":"Castilho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.11.150","article-title":"Phytochemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils of three endemic SoqotraenBoswellia species","volume":"126","author":"Mothana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1021\/jf052722l","article-title":"Changes in Membrane Fatty Acids Composition of Microbial Cells Induced by Addiction of Thymol, Carvacrol, Limonene, Cinnamaldehyde, and Eugenol in the Growing Media","volume":"54","author":"Hoskins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.5.919","article-title":"Increase in Activity of Essential Oil Components Carvacrol and Thymol against Escherichia coliO157:H7 by Addition of Food Stabilizers","volume":"68","author":"Burt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Protect."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"2923","article-title":"Effect of drought stress on antibacterial activity of Thymus daenensis subsp. daenensisCelak","volume":"7","author":"Kachoie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"345","article-title":"Apparatus for the Determination of Volatile Oil","volume":"17","author":"Clevenger","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharm. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry, Allured Publishing Corporation."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"229","article-title":"Gas Chromatographic Characterization of Organic Substances in the Retention Index System","volume":"1","author":"Kovats","year":"1965","journal-title":"Adv. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (2021, July 15). Recherche des Donn\u00e9es D\u2019esp\u00e8ce par le Nom Chimique, Available online: http:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/chemistry."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1999.4019","article-title":"Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: Specific application to the determination of vitamin E","volume":"269","author":"Prieto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.05.025","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant activities and phenolic content of Berberis vulgaris L. and Berberis croatica Horvat","volume":"48","author":"Kremer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/7\/954\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:47:41Z","timestamp":1760136461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/7\/954"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["plants11070954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants11070954","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]}}}