{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T09:13:32Z","timestamp":1792746812709,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP.1\/336\/42."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.1\/336\/42."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Food safety is a rising challenge worldwide due to the expanding population and the need to produce food to feed the growing population. At the same time, pesticide residues found in high concentrations in fresh agriculture pose a significant threat to food safety. Presently, crop output is being increased by applying herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, pesticides, fertilizers, nematicides, and soil amendments. A combination of factors, including bioaccumulation, widespread usage, selective toxicity, and stability, make pesticides among the most toxic compounds polluting the environment. They are especially harmful in vegetables and fruits because people are exposed to them. Thus, it is critical to monitor pesticide levels in fruits and vegetables using all analytical techniques available. Any evaluation of the condition of pesticide contamination in fruits and vegetables necessitates knowledge of maximum residue levels (MRLs). We set out the problems in determining various types of pesticides in vegetables and fruits, including the complexity and the diversity of matrices in biological materials. This review examines the different analytical techniques to determine the target analytes that must be isolated before final consumption. Many processes involved determining pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables and their advantages and disadvantages have been discussed with recommendations. Furthermore, MRLs of target pesticide residues in fruit and vegetable samples are discussed in the context of data from the literature. The review also examines MRLs\u2019 impact on the international trade of fruits and vegetables. Accurate, sensitive, and robust analytical procedures are critical to ensuring that pesticide levels in food products are effectively regulated. Despite advances in detection technology, effective sample preparation procedures for pesticide residue measurement in cereals and feedstuffs are still needed. In addition, these methods must be compatible with current analytical techniques. Multi-residue approaches that cover a wide range of pesticides are desired, even though pesticides\u2019 diverse natures, classes, and physio-chemical characteristics make such methods challenging to assemble. This review will be valuable to food analysts and regulatory authorities to monitor the quality and safety of fresh food products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11091106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:22:43Z","timestamp":1650414163000},"page":"1106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":192,"title":["Advancement and New Trends in Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9941-2918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shadma","family":"Wahab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1676-8092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khursheed","family":"Muzammil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait, King Khalid University, Abha 61412, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazim","family":"Nasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait, King Khalid University, Abha 61412, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Suhail","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait, King Khalid University, Abha 61412, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Faruque","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2639-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wasim","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Safaa, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Dawria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, Abha 61412, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingala Kalyan Viswanath","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Abha 61412, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman Mohammed","family":"Busayli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saravi, S.S.S., and Shokrzadeh, M. (2011). Role of Pesticides in Human Life in the Modern Age: A Review. Pesticides in the Modern World-Risks and Benefits, Intech Open.","DOI":"10.5772\/18827"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Gill, H.K., and Garg, H. (2014). Pesticide: Environmental impacts and management strategies. Pesticides\u2014Toxic Aspects, InTech."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"FAO-WHO (2016). International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management. Guidelines on Highly Hazardous Pesticides, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.06.004","article-title":"Cumulative risk assessment of pesticide residues in food","volume":"180","author":"Boobis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"497E","article-title":"Literature review on epidemiological studies linking exposure to pesticides and health effects","volume":"10","author":"Ntzani","year":"2013","journal-title":"EFSA Supporting Publ."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2022, February 22). EUR-Lex-32008R0149-EN-EUR-Lex. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=celex%3A32008R0149."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO (2001). Codex Alimentarius Commission\u2014Procedural Manual, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. [12th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Food Safety and Standards (2022, February 22). Version-III (31.08.2018) (1) (2) (3), Available online: https:\/\/agriexchange.apeda.gov.in\/food_standards\/ind_document\/Compendium_Contaminants_Regulations_07_09_2018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109141","article-title":"Review of pesticide residue analysis in fruits and vegetables. Pre-treatment, extraction and detection techniques","volume":"133","author":"Narenderan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Cairns, T., and Sherma, J. (1992). Emerging Strategies for Pesticide Analysis, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2022, January 26). Environmental Working Group EWG\u2019s 2021 Shopper\u2019s Guide to Pesticides in Produce|Dirty Dozen. Available online: https:\/\/www.ewg.org\/foodnews\/dirty-dozen.php."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030701329926","article-title":"Modelling non-systemic pesticide residues in fruits with initial deposit variability and weather effects","volume":"24","author":"Huo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200072112199","article-title":"Foliar Interception and Retention Values after Pesticide Application. A Proposal for Standardized Values for Environmental Risk Assessment (Technical Report)","volume":"72","author":"Linders","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.32.5.858","article-title":"Changes in Spray Retention by Apple Leaves during a Growing Season","volume":"32","author":"Hall","year":"1997","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/19440040903403024","article-title":"A new tool for the evaluation of crop residue trial data (day-zero-plus decline)","volume":"27","author":"MacLachlan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pieters, A. (1979). The Setting of Maximum Residue Limits in Food\u2014Their Role and Their Relation to Residue Data. Pesticide Residues, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-023930-9.50351-8"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2158","article-title":"A review of the effect of different application rates on pesticide residue levels in supervised residue trials","volume":"67","author":"MacLachlan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030210151903","article-title":"Unit-to-unit variability of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables","volume":"19","author":"Hill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1080\/026520300412410","article-title":"Within and between field variability of residue data and sampling implications","volume":"17","author":"Ambrus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1262","article-title":"Variability in initial spray deposit in apple trees in space and time","volume":"62","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrus, \u00c1. (1979). The Influence of Sampling Methods and Other Field Techniques on the Results of Residue Analysis. Pesticide Residues, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-023930-9.50342-7"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2011.02.008","article-title":"Properties and determination of pesticides in fruits and vegetables","volume":"30","author":"Fenik","year":"2011","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"143","article-title":"Limitations in the determination of maximum residue limits and highest residues of pesticides: Part I","volume":"49","author":"Sali","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-378612-8.00242-0","article-title":"Veterinary Drugs Residues: Antibacterials","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Fanning","year":"2014","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Food Safety"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.04.013","article-title":"A preliminary assessment of consumer\u2019s exposure to organochlorine pesticides in fruits and vegetables and the potential health risk in Accra Metropolis, Ghana","volume":"128","author":"Bempah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(93)90234-8","article-title":"Human health effects of agrichemical use","volume":"24","author":"Weisenburger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.01.046","article-title":"Protective effects of dietary flavonoids against pesticide-induced toxicity: A review","volume":"109","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.02.057","article-title":"Health risk assessment of pesticides residue in maize and cowpea from Ejura, Ghana","volume":"92","author":"Akoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131676","article-title":"Risk assessment of pesticide residues from foods of plant origin in Lebanon","volume":"374","author":"Khazaal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1635","article-title":"A review of the global pesticide legislation and the scale of challenge in reaching the global harmonization of food safety standards","volume":"11","author":"Handford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2022, January 25). Related Standards|Codexalimentarius FAO-WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/fao-who-codexalimentarius\/committees\/committee\/related-standards\/en\/?committee=CCPFV."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (2010). 2008 Annual Report on Pesticide Residues according to Article 32 of Regulation (EC) No 396\/2005. EFSA J., 8, 1646.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1646"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.04.067","article-title":"Evaluation of regulatory variation and theoretical health risk for pesticide maximum residue limits in food","volume":"219","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"O\u2019reilly, J., and Yarto, M. (2013). North American Regional Action Plan on Lindane and Other Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers Final Evaluation Report, Commission for Environmental Cooperation."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.T., Rosello, C., B\u00e9langer, R., and Ratti, C. (2020). Fate of Residual Pesticides in Fruit and Vegetable Waste (FVW) Processing. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9101468"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Harry, C., and MRL Issues Challenging Booming U.S. (2022, February 03). Agricultural Exports|Farm Progress. Available online: https:\/\/www.farmprogress.com\/markets\/mrl-issues-challenging-booming-us-agricultural-exports."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2022, February 03). Why Maximum Residue Levels Are Important|AGDAILY. Available online: https:\/\/www.agdaily.com\/crops\/maximum-residue-levels-important\/."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"756","article-title":"Re-Estimating the Effects of Stricter Standards on Trade: Endogeneity Matters","volume":"44","author":"Shingal","year":"2017","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2014.10.016","article-title":"The effect of product standards on agricultural exports","volume":"50","author":"Ferro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, B., and Beghin, J.C. (2016). Stringent Maximum Residue Limits, Protectionism, and Competitiveness: The Cases of the US and Canada. Nontariff Measures and International Trade, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789813144415_0012"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9701.2012.01457.x","article-title":"The Impact of Regulatory Heterogeneity on Agri-food Trade","volume":"35","author":"Winchester","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Econ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ajae\/aaq026","article-title":"The Combination of Gravity and Welfare Approaches for Evaluating Nontariff Measures","volume":"92","author":"Disdier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/0963819032000154810","article-title":"Balancing food safety and risk: Do drug residue limits affect international trade in beef?","volume":"12","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Int. Trade Econ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2004.02.003","article-title":"To spray or not to spray: Pesticides, banana exports, and food safety","volume":"29","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/erae\/28.3.263","article-title":"What price precaution? European harmonisation of aflatoxin regulations and African groundnut exports","volume":"28","author":"Otsuki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2021.102203","article-title":"Trade impact of maximum residue limits in fresh fruits and vegetables","volume":"106","author":"Hejazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108575","article-title":"Pesticide residues in food in the European Union: Analysis of notifications in the European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed from 2002 to 2020","volume":"133","author":"Kuchheuser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"European Union (2022, March 29). EUR-Lex-32009R1107-EN-EUR-Lex. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=celex%3A32009R1107."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2016.04.017","article-title":"Trends in analysis of pesticide residues to fulfil the European Regulation (EC) No. 1107\/2009","volume":"80","author":"Villaverde","year":"2016","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63430-6.00015-1","article-title":"Challenges of biopesticides under the European Regulation (EC) No. 1107\/2009","volume":"Volume 43","author":"Villaverde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Studies in Natural Products Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"232","article-title":"Institute for International Economics (U.S.). Food regulation and trade: Toward a safe and open global food system","volume":"42","author":"Josling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Choice Rev. Online"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeung, M.T., Kerr, W.A., Coomber, B., Lantz, M., and McConnell, A. (2017). Declining International Cooperation on Pesticide Regulation, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60552-4"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1142\/9789813144415_0002","article-title":"Nontariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains","volume":"Volume 56","author":"Beghin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nontariff Measures and International Trade"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2018). Trade and Public Policies: A Closer Look at Non-Tariff Measures in the 21st Century. World Trade Report 2012, WTO."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsayari, A., Muhsinah, A., Almaghaslah, D., Annadurai, S., and Wahab, S. (2021). Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26134095"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2022, January 29). USTR Releases 2018 National Trade Estimate Report|United States Trade Representative, Available online: https:\/\/ustr.gov\/about-us\/policy-offices\/press-office\/reports-and-publications\/2016\/2016-national-trade-estimate%0Ahttps:\/\/ustr.gov\/about-us\/policy-offices\/press-office\/fact-sheets\/2018\/march\/ustr-releases-2018-national-trade."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2022, January 29). Concerns: A New Look at the Impact of Non-Tariff Measures on Agri-Food Trade, Commissioned Paper, International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium (IATRC), June 2016. Available online: file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/MDPI\/Downloads\/AAEA2016_SelectedPaper_Grant_Arita.pdf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1093\/ajae\/aat015","article-title":"Evaluating the Trade Restrictiveness of Phytosanitary Measures on U.S. Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Imports","volume":"95","author":"Peterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/twec.12283","article-title":"The Impact of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures on Market Entry and Trade Flows","volume":"39","author":"Crivelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Econ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, B., and Beghin, J.C. (2016). Disentangling Demand-Enhancing and Trade-Cost Effects of Maximum Residue Regulations. Nontariff Measures and International Trade, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789813144415_0006"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"78","article-title":"Maximum residue limits and agrifood exports of China: Choosing the best estimation technique","volume":"62","author":"Ishaq","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8276.2007.01127.x","article-title":"The Impact of Regulations on Agricultural Trade: Evidence from the SPS and TBT Agreements","volume":"90","author":"Disdier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.2307\/2235522","article-title":"Standards and Trade Performance: The UK Experience","volume":"106","author":"Swann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Canada Grains Council (2022, February 03). Market Acceptance of Pesticide Use Policy. Available online: https:\/\/canadagrainscouncil.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Approved-Domestic-MRL-Final-Ratified-Feb-5-2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, W., Amir, M., Ahmad, A., Ali, A., Ali, A., Wahab, S., Barkat, H.A., Ansari, M.A., Sarafroz, M., and Ahmad, A. (2021). Aegle marmelos Leaf Extract Phytochemical Analysis, Cytotoxicity, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10122573"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/twec.13015","article-title":"Re-estimating the effect of heterogeneous standards on trade: Endogeneity matters","volume":"44","author":"Shingal","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Econ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.08.010","article-title":"Evaluation of antibacterial properties of Matricaria aurea on clinical isolates of periodontitis patients with special reference to red complex bacteria","volume":"28","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1142\/9789813144415_0016","article-title":"Does European aflatoxin regulation hurt groundnut exporters from Africa?","volume":"Volume 56","author":"Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nontariff Measures and International Trade"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1994). Pesticide residues in food. Food Chem. Toxicol., 32, 584\u2013585.","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(94)90120-1"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666210101154118","article-title":"Use of Natural Compounds as a Potential Therapeutic Agent Against COVID-19","volume":"27","author":"Wahab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prodhan, M.D.H., Alam, S.N., and Uddin, M.J. (2017). Analytical Methods in Measuring Pesticides in Foods. Pesticide Residue in Foods: Sources, Management, and Control, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52683-6_8"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7785","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12117785","article-title":"Green Aspects of Techniques for the Determination of Currently Used Pesticides in Environmental Samples","volume":"12","author":"Stocka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"2320","article-title":"Review on Methods for Analysis\/Estimation of\/Estimation of Pesticide Residue in Food","volume":"8","author":"Boyapati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Creat. Res. Thoughts"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.11.105","article-title":"Liquid chromatography\u2013electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and dynamic multiple reaction monitoring method for determining multiple pesticide residues in tomato","volume":"175","author":"Andrade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/93.2.355","article-title":"Multi-Analyst, Multi-Matrix Performance of the QuEChERS Approach for Pesticide Residues in Foods and Feeds Using HPLC\/MS\/MS Analysis with Different Calibration Techniques","volume":"93","author":"Lehotay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jallow, M.F.A., Awadh, D.G., Albaho, M.S., Devi, V.Y., and Ahmad, N. (2017). Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Commonly Used Fruits and Vegetables in Kuwait. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080833"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039509374342","article-title":"Screening procedure for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in milk using matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction and gas chromatographic determination","volume":"12","author":"Schenck","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"24","article-title":"A Modified Multi-Residue Method for Analysis of 150 Pesticide Residues in Green Beans Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"34","author":"Afify","year":"2012","journal-title":"AFS Adv. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.07.076","article-title":"Genus Ziziphus for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"28","author":"Alsayari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berk, Z. (2018). Chapter 9\u2014Centrifugation. Food Process Engineering and Technology, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-812018-7.00009-9"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-50532012000600022","article-title":"Determination of carbamates in beverages by liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning and liquid chromatography","volume":"23","author":"Goulart","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.11648\/j.sjac.20170503.11","article-title":"Salting-out Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction for the Determination of Multiresidue Pesticides in Alcoholic Beverages by High Performance Liquid Chromatography","volume":"5","author":"Bedassa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amir, M., Zafar, A., Ahmad, R., Ahmad, W., Sarafroz, M., Khalid, M., Ghoneim, M.M., Alshehri, S., Wahab, S., and Ahmad, S. (2022). Quality Control Standardization, Contaminant Detection and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Prunus domestica Linn. Fruit. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11050706"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.S., Cho, S.H., Lim, C.M., Chang, M.I., Joo, H.J., Bae, H., and Park, H.J. (2017). A Liquid Chromatography\u2014Tandem Mass Spectrometry Approach for the Identification of Mebendazole Residue in Pork, Chicken, and Horse. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169597"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, W., Yusuf, M., Ahmad, A., Hassan, Y.A., Amir, M., and Wahab, S. (2022). Development and Validation of Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) Method for the Quantitative Estimation of Caffeine in Non-Alcoholic Soft and Energy Drinks. J. AOAC Int., qsac016.","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsac016"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.09.068","article-title":"Simple multiresidue extraction method for the determination of fungicides and plant growth regulator in bean sprouts using low temperature partitioning and tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"136","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2010.03.006","article-title":"Optimization of the liquid\u2013liquid extraction method and low temperature purification (LLE\u2013LTP) for pesticide residue analysis in honey samples by gas chromatography","volume":"21","author":"Neves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.05.003","article-title":"Optimization and validation of liquid\u2013liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning for determination of carbamates in water","volume":"671","author":"Goulart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(99)01084-5","article-title":"Multiresidue methods using solid-phase extraction techniques for monitoring priority pesticides, including triazines and degradation products, in ground and surface waters","volume":"885","author":"Sabik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2010.03.036","article-title":"Validation of a rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC\u2013MS\/MS) assay for the simultaneous determination of existing and new antiretroviral compounds","volume":"878","author":"Else","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid, M., Alqarni, M.H., Alsayari, A., Foudah, A.I., Aljarba, T.M., Mukim, M., Alamri, M.A., Abullais, S.S., and Wahab, S. (2022). Anti-Diabetic Activity of Bioactive Compound Extracted from Spondias mangifera Fruit: In-Vitro and Molecular Docking Approaches. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11040562"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijpc.20200606.11","article-title":"A Review: Sample Preparation Methods for the Pesticide Residue Analysis in Food Samples","volume":"6","author":"Eticha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.01.024","article-title":"Multiresidue method for determination of 88 pesticides in berry fruits using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry: Determination of 88 pesticides in berries using SPE and GC\u2013MS","volume":"127","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.07.037","article-title":"Evaluation of a solid-phase extraction dual-layer carbon\/primary secondary amine for clean-up of fatty acid matrix components from food extracts in multiresidue pesticide analysis","volume":"1165","author":"Shimelis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, W., Parveen, R., Yusuf, M., Amir, M., Wahab, S., Ansari, M.A., Mujeeb, M., Zaidi, S.A., and Ahmad, S. Antiurolithiatic activity of Didymocarpous pedicellata. R. Br. S. Afr. J. Bot., 2021. in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.10.028"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2014.04.007","article-title":"Application of magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic solid-phase extraction in preparing biological, environmental and food samples","volume":"59","author":"Wierucka","year":"2014","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.2174\/1573413717666210216161701","article-title":"Hydrogel: An Encouraging Nanocarrier System for the Delivery of Herbal Bioactive Compounds","volume":"17","author":"Wahab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174464","article-title":"Current trends and future perspectives of nanomedicine for the management of colon cancer","volume":"910","author":"Wahab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1573413717666210216161701","article-title":"Nanomaterials for the delivery of Herbal Bioactive Compounds","volume":"17","author":"Wahab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6016","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8192","article-title":"Multiresidue analysis of 30 organochlorine pesticides in milk and milk powder by gel permeation chromatography-solid phase extraction-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"97","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.2478\/s11532-012-0034-1","article-title":"A review of sample preparation methods for the pesticide residue analysis in foods","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-011-0202-6","article-title":"Analysis of the Herbicide Bispyribac-sodium in Rice by Solid Phase Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography","volume":"86","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.09.084","article-title":"\u00c1ngel Multi-walled carbon nanotubes as efficient solid-phase extraction materials of organophosphorus pesticides from apple, grape, orange and pineapple fruit juices","volume":"1211","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(99)00832-8","article-title":"Solid-phase extraction: Method development, sorbents, and coupling with liquid chromatography","volume":"856","author":"Hennion","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8854025","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8854025","article-title":"Effect of Pretreatment on Detection of 37 Pesticide Residues in Chrysanthemum indicum","volume":"2021","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2020.122227","article-title":"Modified QuEChERS extraction method followed by simultaneous quantitation of nine multi-class pesticides in human blood and urine by using GC-MS","volume":"1152","author":"Iqbal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.12.058","article-title":"Solid-phase microextraction on-fiber derivatization for the analysis of some polyphenols in wine and grapes using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry","volume":"1216","author":"Campillo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nfs.2015.09.001","article-title":"Pesticide residue levels in strawberry processing by-products that are rich in ellagitannins and an assessment of their dietary risk to consumers","volume":"1","author":"Miszczak","year":"2015","journal-title":"NFS J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2017.10.048","article-title":"Multiresidue determination of pesticides in crop plants by the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using a calibration based on a single level standard addition in the sample","volume":"1526","author":"Viera","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125188","article-title":"Multivariate response surface methodology assisted modified QuEChERS extraction method for the evaluation of organophosphate pesticides in fruits and vegetables cultivated in Nilgiris, South India","volume":"300","author":"Narenderan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-8072-1","article-title":"A newly modified QuEChERS method for the analysis of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables","volume":"192","author":"Collimore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2017.07.033","article-title":"Pesticide analysis in coffee leaves using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe approach and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Optimization of the clean-up step","volume":"1512","author":"Trevisan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.02.027","article-title":"Development and method validation for determination of 128 pesticides in bananas by modified QuEChERS and UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS analysis","volume":"33","author":"Carneiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.05.116","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of 310 pesticide multiresidues using UHPLC-MS\/MS in brown rice, orange, and spinach","volume":"207","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.01.025","article-title":"Determination of pesticide residues in globe artichoke leaves and fruits by GC\u2013MS and LC\u2013MS\/MS using the same QuEChERS procedure","volume":"227","author":"Machado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2007.06.041","article-title":"Mixed liquids for single-drop microextraction of organochlorine pesticides in vegetables","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.05.081","article-title":"Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and metabolites in cereal-based baby foods and wheat flour by means of ultrasound-assisted extraction and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction prior to gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection","volume":"1313","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2013.06.006","article-title":"Two-phase hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction for preconcentration of pyrethroid pesticides residues in some fruits and vegetable juices prior to gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"31","author":"Arvand","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.10.026","article-title":"Development of a matrix solid-phase dispersion method for the simultaneous determination of pyrethroid and organochlorinated pesticides in cattle feed","volume":"1216","author":"Llompart","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.04.025","article-title":"Evaluation of two sample treatment methodologies for large-scale pesticide residue analysis in olive oil by fast liquid chromatography\u2013electrospray mass spectrometry","volume":"1217","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2008.07.014","article-title":"Screening of fresh fruit and vegetables for pesticide residues on Croatian market","volume":"20","author":"Serdar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.08.115","article-title":"Pyrethroid residue determination in organic and conventional vegetables using liquid-solid extraction coupled with magnetic solid phase extraction based on polystyrene-coated magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"217","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2020.115943","article-title":"Nanomaterial-based molecularly imprinted polymers for pesticides detection: Recent trends and future prospects","volume":"129","author":"Mahmoudpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201000260","article-title":"Capillary electrophoresis with immobilized quantum dot fluorescence detection for rapid determination of organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.05.157","article-title":"Application of elevated temperature-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of organophosphorus pesticides residues in aqueous samples followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection","volume":"212","author":"Farajzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2014.03.004","article-title":"Determination of pyrethroid pesticides residues in vegetable oils using liquid\u2013liquid extraction and dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detection","volume":"34","author":"Farajzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7124","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-8334-1","article-title":"Influence of QuEChERS modifications on recovery and matrix effect during the multi-residue pesticide analysis in soil by GC\/MS\/MS and GC\/ECD\/NPD","volume":"24","author":"Rutkowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.06.051","article-title":"Fast and simple extraction of pesticide residues in selected fruits and vegetables using tetrafluoroethane and toluene followed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"135","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2014.12.001","article-title":"Determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues in vegetables using solid phase micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography\u2013flame photometric detector","volume":"12","author":"Sapahin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030600771715","article-title":"Effects of processing on pesticide residues in peaches intended for baby food","volume":"23","author":"Balinova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoytcheva, M. (2012). Pesticides\u2014Formulations, Effects, Fate, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/1004"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.05.041","article-title":"Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables of the argentine domestic market: Occurrence and quality","volume":"93","author":"Peluso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.07.013","article-title":"Analysis of pesticide residues by fast gas chromatography in combination with negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"1216","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-5882-1","article-title":"Development and validation of a method for determination of residues of 15 pyrethroids and two metabolites of dithiocarbamates in foods by ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"403","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2015.07.017","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of pyrethroids residues in fruit and vegetable samples via supercritical fluid extraction coupled with magnetic solid phase extraction followed by HPLC-UV","volume":"107","author":"Bagheri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.01.008","article-title":"On-line in-syringe sugaring-out liquid-liquid extraction coupled with HPLC-MS\/MS for the determination of pesticides in fruit and berry juices","volume":"167","author":"Timofeeva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2017.07.080","article-title":"Evaluation of an alternative fluorinated sorbent for dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for pesticide residues analysis","volume":"1514","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1081\/JLC-200053046","article-title":"UPLCTM: An Introduction and Review","volume":"28","author":"Swartz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blasco, C., and Pic\u00f3, Y. (2007). Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Food Toxicants Analysis, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044452843-8\/50015-8"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"40","article-title":"Spektrometria Mas [Rec.]","volume":"54","year":"2003","journal-title":"Post\u0119py Fiz."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.10.102","article-title":"Fungicide multiresidue monitoring in international wines by immunoassays","volume":"196","author":"Somovilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2018.1480154","article-title":"Direct determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in an analytically challenging crop such as Chinese chives using selective ELISAs","volume":"53","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24190","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA03055D","article-title":"CdTe QD-based inhibition and reactivation assay of acetylcholinesterase for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides","volume":"10","author":"Korram","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsagkaris, A., Pulkrabova, J., and Hajslova, J. (2021). Optical Screening Methods for Pesticide Residue Detection in Food Matrices: Advances and Emerging Analytical Trends. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10010088"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arrizabalaga-Larra\u00f1aga, A., Ayala-Cabrera, J., Ser\u00f3, R., Santos, J., and Moyano, E. (2021). Ambient ionization mass spectrometry in food analysis. Food Toxicology and Forensics, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822360-4.00006-6"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b00427","article-title":"Use of Ambient Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Kinetic Analysis of Organic Surface Reactions","volume":"32","author":"Sen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AY01474E","article-title":"Ambient (desorption\/ionization) mass spectrometry methods for pesticide testing in food: A review","volume":"12","author":"Bouza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.3197","article-title":"Direct detection of chlorpropham on potato skin using desorption electrospray ionization","volume":"48","author":"Berchtold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.3978","article-title":"Ambient mass spectrometry: Direct analysis of dimethoate, tebuconazole, and trifloxystrobin on olive and vine leaves by desorption electrospray ionization interface","volume":"52","author":"Rocca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"133","article-title":"Socio-Economic Characterization of Integrated Cropping System in Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture of Faisalabad, Pakistan","volume":"114","author":"Rehman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Rural Dev. Trop. Subtrop."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahab, S., Annadurai, S., Abullais, S.S., Das, G., Ahmad, W., Ahmad, F., Kandasamy, G., Vasudevan, R., Ali, S., and Amir, M. (2021). Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): A Comprehensive Review on Its Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, Clinical Evidence and Toxicology. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10122751"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2015.12.001","article-title":"Dietary exposure to chlorinated pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Ghanaian markets","volume":"46","author":"Bempah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2016.1278047","article-title":"Evaluation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Algeria","volume":"10","author":"Mebdoua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part B"},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"131","article-title":"Use, contamination and exposure of pesticides in Pakistan: A review","volume":"57","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. J. Agric. Sci"},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"425","article-title":"Organo-chlorine pesticide residues in okra and brinjal collected from peri-urban areas of big cities of Punjabpakistan","volume":"53","author":"Randhawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pak. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/73801","article-title":"Survey of Residual Pesticides in Various Fresh Fruit Crops: A Case Study","volume":"26","author":"Qamar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08765","article-title":"Ecological thresholds in marine communities: Theory, experiments and management","volume":"413","author":"Osman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.4236\/ajac.2012.38077","article-title":"Evaluation of Pesticide Residues in Human Blood Samples of Agro Professionals and Non-Agro Professionals","volume":"3","author":"Latif","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.08.008","article-title":"Residue of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in vegetables and probabilistic exposure assessment for consumers in Zhejiang Province, China","volume":"36","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2011.07.030","article-title":"Assessment of pesticide residues in commonly used vegetables in Hyderabad, Pakistan","volume":"74","author":"Latif","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-006-1493-7","article-title":"Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Fruits","volume":"123","author":"Kumari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4236\/ajac.2011.228123","article-title":"Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Commonly Used Fruits in Hyderabad Region, Pakistan","volume":"2","author":"Latif","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.091","article-title":"Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from farms and markets of Western Indian Himalayan region","volume":"224","author":"Kumari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshehri, S.A., Wahab, S., Abullais, S.S., Das, G., Hani, U., Ahmad, W., Amir, M., Ahmad, A., Kandasamy, G., and Vasudevan, R. (2021). Pharmacological Efficacy of Tamarix aphylla: A Comprehensive Review. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010118"},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"87","article-title":"Determination of Pesticide Residues in Soil of Nawabshah District, Sindh Pakistan","volume":"44","author":"Anwar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.29121\/granthaalayah.v6.i9.2018.1275","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices of farmers towards pesticides use and handling in greenhouse farms, Sudan","volume":"6","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Res.-Granthaalayah"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4818-6","article-title":"Studies of pesticide residues in tomatoes and cucumbers from Kazakhstan and the associated health risks","volume":"187","author":"Lozowicka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2013.788972","article-title":"Effects of Environmental Pesticides on the Health of Rural Communities in the Malwa Region of Punjab, India: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.11.038","article-title":"Pesticide residues in grain from Kazakhstan and potential health risks associated with exposure to detected pesticides","volume":"64","author":"Lozowicka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.03.179","article-title":"Oxidation of isoprothiolane by ozone and chlorine: Reaction kinetics and mechanism","volume":"232","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"314","article-title":"Degradation of thiamethoxam and metoprolol by UV, O3 and UV\/O3 hybrid processes: Kinetics, degradation intermediates and toxicity","volume":"472\u2013473","author":"Arany","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2004.00932.x","article-title":"The decrease in pesticides in fruit and vegetables during commercial processing","volume":"40","author":"Chavarri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/79.2.520","article-title":"Pesticide Residue Concentrations in the Belgian Total Diet, 1991\u20131993","volume":"79","author":"Dejonckheere","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-011-1651-1","article-title":"Effect of commercial processing on pesticide residues in orange products","volume":"234","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4666","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0002894","article-title":"Reduction of Pesticide Residues on Produce by Rinsing","volume":"48","author":"Krol","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/79.6.1447","article-title":"Effect of Household Preparation on Levels of Pesticide Residues in Produce","volume":"79","author":"Schattenberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"138","article-title":"Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Establishment of Quality Parameters of Seeds of Cuminum cyminum L.","volume":"6","author":"Rizvi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199466020335","article-title":"Pesticides report 31: Effects of storage and processing on pesticide residues in plant products (Technical Report)","volume":"66","author":"Holland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-012-0534-x","article-title":"Decontamination of Chlorantraniliprole Residues on Cabbage and Cauliflower through Household Processing Methods","volume":"88","author":"Kar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030400010066","article-title":"Residues of azoxystrobin, fenhexamid and pyrimethanil in strawberry following field treatments and the effect of domestic washing","volume":"21","author":"Angioni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1021\/jf980059d","article-title":"Pesticide Residues on Field-Sprayed Apricots and in Apricot Drying Processes","volume":"46","author":"Cabras","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(98)00231-3","article-title":"Behavior of pesticides in tomatoes during commercial and home preparation","volume":"65","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4054","DOI":"10.1021\/jf040455y","article-title":"Effect of Household Processing and Unit-to-Unit Variability of Pyrifenox, Pyridaben, and Tralomethrin Residues in Tomatoes","volume":"53","author":"Boulaid","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039809374599","article-title":"The distribution of nine pesticides between the juice and pulp of carrots and tomatoes after home processing","volume":"15","author":"Burchat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1021\/jf980058l","article-title":"Pesticide Residues in Raisin Processing","volume":"46","author":"Cabras","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1021\/jf970101p","article-title":"Residues of Some Pesticides in Fresh and Dried Apricots","volume":"45","author":"Cabras","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(00)00254-5","article-title":"Pesticide residues in some Egyptian spices and medicinal plants as affected by processing","volume":"72","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039509374368","article-title":"Reduction in phosalone residue levels during industrial dehydration of apples","volume":"12","author":"Mergnat","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01684459","article-title":"Fate of kelthane residues on apple pomace exposed to drying in the dark, sunlight and ultraviolet light irradiation","volume":"7","author":"Archer","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04658","article-title":"Degradation Dynamics and Dietary Risk Assessments of Two Neonicotinoid Insecticides during Lonicera japonica Planting, Drying, and Tea Brewing Processes","volume":"65","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s13765-015-0016-z","article-title":"Effects of oven drying on pesticide residues in field-grown chili peppers","volume":"58","author":"Noh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2017.1367306","article-title":"Changes in eleven pesticide residues in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) during drying processing","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-011-0499-5","article-title":"Effect of handling and processing on pesticide residues in food\u2014A review","volume":"51","author":"Bajwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_194","first-page":"127","article-title":"Effect of Washing, Cooking and Dehydration on the Removal of Some Insecticides from Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench.)","volume":"12","author":"Nath","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.328","article-title":"Effects of processing on carbendazim residue in Pleurotus ostreatus","volume":"4","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.01.033","article-title":"Dissipation behavior of five organophosphorus pesticides in kumquat sample during honeyed kumquat candied fruit processing","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_197","first-page":"204","article-title":"Effect of drying process on pesticide residues in grapes","volume":"42","year":"2017","journal-title":"GIDA\/J. Food"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3772","DOI":"10.1021\/jf980098p","article-title":"Pesticide Residues in Prune Processing","volume":"46","author":"Cabras","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6675","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b02345","article-title":"Dissipation and Removal of the Etofenprox Residue during Processing in Spring Onion","volume":"63","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8977","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04027","article-title":"Residual Behaviors of Six Pesticides in Shiitake from Cultivation to Postharvest Drying Process and Risk Assessment","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"429","article-title":"Reduction of Chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion Residues in Red Pepper Peel by Washing and Drying","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/9\/1106\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:57:01Z","timestamp":1760137021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/9\/1106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"references-count":201,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["plants11091106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants11091106","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]}}}