{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:02:28Z","timestamp":1787068948898,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research &amp; Innovation, Ministry of Education","award":["IF-PSAU-2021\/03\/18910"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF-PSAU-2021\/03\/18910"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular illnesses have known risk factors in the pathophysiology of an unhealthy diet. Obesity now affects almost a third of the world\u2019s population and is widely seen as a side effect of the Industrial Revolution. The current study aimed to determine natural phytoconstituents that have a significant role in the management of obesity. In this view, we have selected the plant Boerhavia diffusa which has different pharmacological actions and is traditionally used to treat sickness caused by lifestyle modification. The methanolic extract of the plant material was prepared and then further fractionated by means of solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, and water). The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analysis was done by taking the active constituent of the plant (Punarnavine, Boeravinone B, and Eupalitin). The molecular docking analysis of these compounds is also performed by targeting the cannabinoid receptor (CR). Structural analysis of the best complex was done using the Discovery Studio visualizer tool. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis was done by using a solvent system (chloroform and methanol in a ratio of 8:2). The in vivo study was done on the Sprague\u2013Dawley (SD) rats treated with a high-fat diet to induce obesity and different parameters such as body weight, behavioral activity, organ fat pad weight, lipid profile, and liver biomarkers (AST, ALT, BUN, and creatinine) were estimated. The result of the study suggested that the phytoconstituents of B. diffusa upon molecular docking revealed the possible binding mechanisms with the CR and thus show potent anti-obesity action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11091158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T02:14:39Z","timestamp":1650939279000},"page":"1158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Anti-Obesity Action of Boerhavia diffusa in Rats against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity by Blocking the Cannabinoid Receptors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Khalid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Alqarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6562-8945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ambreen","family":"Shoaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9941-2918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shadma","family":"Wahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6728-8614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed I.","family":"Foudah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq M.","family":"Aljarba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2219-370X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juber","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mubarak A.","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0552-0059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarfaraz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-019-2043-7","article-title":"Antidiabetic activity of standardized dried tubers extract of Aconitum napellus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"10","author":"Shoaib","year":"2020","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10497","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140510497","article-title":"Obesity-Associated Oxidative Stress: Strategies Finalized to Improve Redox State","volume":"14","author":"Savini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12771","article-title":"Weight management in obesity\u2014Past and present","volume":"70","author":"Haslam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2048","article-title":"Variation in FTO contributes to childhood obesity and severe adult obesity","volume":"39","author":"Dina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"343","article-title":"Different therapies in the treatment of obesity in hypertensive paitients","volume":"66","author":"Monego","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bras Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(02)00298-X","article-title":"The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids","volume":"96","author":"Havsteen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1039\/b802662a","article-title":"Dietary phenolics: Chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health","volume":"6","author":"Crozier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61721-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the weight loss drug rimonabant: A meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"370","author":"Christensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(98)00170-X","article-title":"Hyperphagia in pre-fed rats following oral \u03b49-THC","volume":"65","author":"Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"550","article-title":"Endocannabinoid levels in rat limbic forebrain and hypothalamus in relation to fasting, feeding and satiation: Stimulation of eating by 2-arachidonoyl glycerol","volume":"136","author":"Kirkham","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(1996). Indian Pharmacopoeia, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, The Controller of Publications."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ali, M. (1998). Text Book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Jarald, E., and Jarald, S.E. (2007). Text Book of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distributors."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kirtikar, K.R., and Basu, B.D. (2005). Indian Medicinal Plants, International Book Distributor."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.06.031","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Boerhavia diffusa on experimental metastasis by B16F10 melanoma in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"76","author":"Leyon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Chopra, R.N., Nyer, S.L., and Chopra, I.C. (1980). Supplement to the Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, CSIR."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"28","article-title":"Studies on the Indian indigenous drug Punarnava (Boerhaavia diffusa L.) Part IV: Preliminary controlled clinical trial in nephrotic syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Res. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., and Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.6.883","article-title":"Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins and carotenoids and related musclopathy","volume":"122","author":"Cho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Opthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2008.90.92","article-title":"Nutritive and Anti-Nutritive Properties of Boerhavia diffusa and Commelina nudiflora Leaves","volume":"7","author":"Ujowundu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pak. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.033","article-title":"Boerhavia diffusa: Metabolite profiling of a medicinal plant from Nyctaginaceae","volume":"47","author":"Pereira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.12.013","article-title":"Antidiabetic activity of Boerhavia diffusa L. effect on hepatic key enzymes in experimental diabetes","volume":"91","author":"Pari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(95)01335-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of southern Nepalese medicinal plants","volume":"50","author":"Taylor","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"395","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of crude methanolic extract and its fractions of aerial parts of Anthemis tinctoria","volume":"42","author":"Akgul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1021\/ci300367a","article-title":"Admetsar: A comprehensive source and free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties","volume":"52","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21334","article-title":"Autodockvina; impoving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, effiecient optimization and multithreding","volume":"31","author":"Trott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Computationa Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.06.014","article-title":"Antidiarrhoeal activity of ethanol extract of the bark of Dalbergia lanceolaria","volume":"102","author":"Mujumdar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"294","article-title":"Antiobesity effect of a polyherbal formulation, ob-200g in female rats fed on cafeteria and atherogenic diets","volume":"32","author":"Kaur","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/16.12.980","article-title":"Direct Manual Determination of Serum Total Cholesterol with a Single Stable Reagent","volume":"16","author":"Wybenga","year":"1970","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the Concentration of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Plasma, Without Use of the Preparative Ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/28.1.56","article-title":"A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Serum Glutamic Oxalacetic and Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminases","volume":"28","author":"Reitman","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"35","article-title":"Acute and subchronic toxicity study of calcium based ayurvedic \u2018Bhasmas\u2019 and a \u2018Pishti\u2019 prepared from marine-sourced animals","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Herbal Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.09.033","article-title":"Effects of Avera lanata on cisplatin and gentamicin models of acute renal failure","volume":"90","author":"Shirwaikar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethanopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"433","article-title":"Anti\u2013arthritic activity of bark extracts of Alangium salviifolium Wang","volume":"1","author":"Jubie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rasayan J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomag.2012.01.002","article-title":"Anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activity of Xanthium srtumarium L. ethanolic extract in Freund\u2019s complete adjuvant induced arthritis","volume":"2","author":"Patil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Aging Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"S63","article-title":"The CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716 reduces sucrose intake and fat diet preference in lean and obese rats (Abstract)","volume":"23","author":"Arnone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(98)00322-1","article-title":"Appetite suppression and weight loss after the cannabinoid antagonist SR 141716","volume":"63","author":"Colombo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"179","article-title":"SR 141716, a CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, selectively reduces sweet food intake in marmoset","volume":"9","author":"Simiand","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051464","article-title":"The lipoprotein lipase activator, No-1886, suppresses fat accumulation and insulin resistance in rats fed a high fat diet","volume":"43","author":"Kusunoli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R581","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00755.2010","article-title":"Biology\u2019s response to dieting: The impetus for weight regain","volume":"301","author":"MacLean","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019911205672","article-title":"Safety and mechanism of appetite suppression by a novel hydroxycitric acid extract (HCA-SX)","volume":"238","author":"Ohia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601334","article-title":"Reduction of visceral adipose tissue during weight loss","volume":"56","author":"Doucet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289650","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2017.1289650","article-title":"Is the calorie concept a real solution to the obesity epidemic?","volume":"10","author":"Camacho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Health. Action."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941868","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/941868","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Exercise in Diabetic Patients","volume":"2012","author":"Golbidi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0284-z","article-title":"Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders","volume":"16","author":"Cristino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14260","article-title":"Hypothalamic POMC neurons promote cannabinoid-induced feeding","volume":"519","author":"Koch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026619666190708164841","article-title":"Overcoming the Psychiatric Side Effects of the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonists: Current Approaches for Therapeutics Development","volume":"19","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.03.001","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system in energy homeostasis and the etiopathology of metabolic disorders","volume":"17","author":"Silvestri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.02.015","article-title":"CB1 Signaling in Forebrain and Sympathetic Neurons Is a Key Determinant of Endocannabinoid Actions on Energy Balance","volume":"11","author":"Quarta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2011.05.002","article-title":"Energy balance regulation by endocannabinoids at central and peripheral levels","volume":"17","author":"Quarta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802583","article-title":"CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout in mice leads to leanness, resistance to diet-induced obesity and enhanced leptin sensitivity","volume":"28","author":"Trillou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1323","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(12)60409-2","article-title":"Evaluation of weight reduction and anti\u2013cholesterol activity of Punarnava root extract against high fat diets induced obesity in experimental rodent","volume":"2","author":"Khalid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferron, A.J.T., Francisqueti, F.V., Minatel, I.O., Silva, C.C.V.D.A., Bazan, S.G.Z., Kitawara, K.A.H., Garcia, J.L., Correa, C.R., Moreto, F., and Ferreira, A.L.A. (2018). Association between Cardiac Remodeling and Metabolic Alteration in an Experimental Model of Obesity Induced by Western Diet. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111675"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/414799a","article-title":"Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism","volume":"414","author":"Saltiel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.90613","article-title":"Welsh Onion Attenuates Hyperlipidemia in Rats Fed on High-Fat High-Sucrose Diet","volume":"74","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"610","article-title":"Effects of (\u2212)-epicatechin, a flavonoid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in streptozotocin-induced diabetic liver, kidney and heart","volume":"57","author":"Quin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Hayes, M.L. (1989). Guidelines for acute oral toxicity testing. Principles and Methods of Toxicology, Raven Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Crook, M.A. (2006). Clinical Chemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Hodder Arnold. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1758","article-title":"Relationship of Liver Enzymes to Insulin Sensitivity and Intra-Abdominal Fat","volume":"30","author":"Wallace","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-1-17","article-title":"Effect of Carnitine and herbal mixture extract on obesity induced by high fat diet in rats","volume":"1","author":"Amin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608397","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/608397","article-title":"Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Obesity-Related Glomerulopathy","volume":"2012","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosas-Villegas, A., S\u00e1nchez-Tapia, M., Avila-Nava, A., Ram\u00edrez, V., Tovar, A.R., and Torres, N. (2017). Differential Effect of Sucrose and Fructose in Combination with a High Fat Diet on Intestinal Microbiota and Kidney Oxidative Stress. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040393"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.20","article-title":"Targeted proximal tubule injury triggers interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis","volume":"82","author":"Grgic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000092","article-title":"Body mass index: Obesity, BMI, and health: A critical review","volume":"50","author":"Nuttall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Today"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/9\/1158\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:00:56Z","timestamp":1760137256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/9\/1158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["plants11091158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants11091158","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]}}}