{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T04:00:25Z","timestamp":1786593625507,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2021YFD1900705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1900705"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["B12007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B12007"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["ZR2021QC221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QC221"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["41901025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901025"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Education Ministry","award":["2021YFD1900705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1900705"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Education Ministry","award":["B12007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B12007"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Education Ministry","award":["ZR2021QC221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QC221"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Education Ministry","award":["41901025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901025"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China","award":["2021YFD1900705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1900705"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China","award":["B12007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B12007"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China","award":["ZR2021QC221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QC221"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China","award":["41901025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901025"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFD1900705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1900705"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["B12007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B12007"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZR2021QC221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QC221"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41901025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The root system in plants absorbs water and minerals. However, the relationship among root size, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) is controversial. Two pot experiments were conducted to explore these relationships by using two maize varieties with contrasting root sizes and reducing the root\u2013shoot ratio (R\/S) through root pruning to eliminate genotypic effects. Maize plants were grown in an open rainout shelter under both water-sufficient and deficient conditions. Yield-related parameters, root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr), and WUE were determined. The results showed that the small root variety (XY) has a higher yield and WUE compared to large root variety (QL) under both soil moisture conditions, likely related to the higher Lpr of XY. XY also had a higher leaf water potential than QL under drought stress, indicating that small root system could provide enough water to the shoot. Further pot experiment showed that both small and large root pruning on QL (cut off about 1\/5 roots, RP1; and cut off about 1\/3 roots, RP2, respectively) improved WUE and Lpr, and the RP1 yield increased by 12.9% compared to the control under well-watered conditions. Root pruning decreased transpiration and increased photosynthesis. Thus, this study reveals that it is possible to increase water absorption, yield, and WUE by reducing R\/S in modern maize varieties, which may be important for the future breeding of new cultivars suitable for arid regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11172300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T01:51:57Z","timestamp":1662515517000},"page":"2300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Higher Water Absorption Capacity of Small Root System Improved the Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Maize"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Minfei","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography and Environmental Engineering Department, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaowei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0798-8683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinglong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The UWA Institute of Agriculture, and UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suiqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2019.102723","article-title":"Global synthesis of the impact of droughts on crops\u2019 water-use efficiency (WUE): Towards both high WUE and productivity","volume":"177","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5477.284","article-title":"Global water resources: Vulnerability from climate change and population growth","volume":"289","author":"Green","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.L., Palta, J., Prasad, P.V.V., and Siddique, K.H.M. (2020). Phenotypic variability in bread wheat root systems at the early vegetative stage. BMC Plan Biol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-020-02390-8"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2021.126243","article-title":"Wheat cultivars with small root length density in the topsoil increased post-anthesis water use and grain yield in the semi-arid region on the Loess Plateau","volume":"126","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1270\/jsbbs.20095","article-title":"Importance of individual root traits to understand crop root system in agronomic and environmental contexts","volume":"71","author":"Tajima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1071\/FP11031","article-title":"Large root systems: Are they useful in adapting wheat to dry environments?","volume":"38","author":"Palta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palta, J.A., and Watt, M. (2009). Vigorous crop root systems: Form and function for improving the capture of water and nutrients. Crop Physiology, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374431-9.00013-X"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2011.03.010","article-title":"Benefits of increased soil exploration by wheat roots","volume":"122","author":"Lilley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1071\/AR05439","article-title":"Root characteristics of vigorous wheat improve early nitrogen uptake","volume":"57","author":"Liao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2014.06.024","article-title":"Crop root system behaviour and yield","volume":"165","author":"Palta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"219","article-title":"Root system plasticity to drought influences grain yield in bread wheat","volume":"86","author":"Ehdaie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2009.03.003","article-title":"Soil water availability and plant competition affect the yield of spring wheat","volume":"31","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-016-3059-y","article-title":"Five decades of selection for yield reduced root length density and increased nitrogen uptake per unit root length in Australian wheat varieties","volume":"413","author":"Aziz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3774(83)90089-6","article-title":"Roots and drought resistance","volume":"7","author":"Passioura","year":"1983","journal-title":"Agr. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., and Zhang, D.Y. (2013). Donald\u2019s Ideotype and Growth Redundancy: A pot experimental test using an old and a modern spring wheat cultivar. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070006"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1360\/02tb9411","article-title":"Changes of water use efficiency in wheat evolution and the relations with root growth","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2008.12.003","article-title":"A century of Nordic barley breeding effects on early vigour root and shoot growth, straw length, harvest index and grain weight","volume":"30","author":"Bertholdsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2018.10.013","article-title":"Root pruning enhances wheat yield, harvest index and water-use efficiency in semiarid area","volume":"230","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00672","article-title":"Moderate drought stress affected root growth and grain yield in old, modern and newly released cultivars of winter wheat","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Feddes, R.A., and Raats, P.A.C. (2004). Parameterizing the soil-water-plant root system. Unsaturated Zone Modeling Progress, Challenges and Applications, Kluwer Academic Publishers."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-018-3864-6","article-title":"Crop root system traits cannot be seen as a silver bullet delivering drought resistance","volume":"439","author":"Palta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq312","article-title":"Water uptake by seminal and adventitious roots in relation to whole-plant water flow in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)","volume":"62","author":"Knipfer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcx178","article-title":"Involvement of the def-1 mutation in the response of tomato plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis under well-watered and drought conditions","volume":"59","author":"Zamarreno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/42.2.143","article-title":"Root hydraulic conductivity of two cactus species in relation to root age, temperature, and soil water status","volume":"42","author":"Lopez","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7909.2005.00043.x","article-title":"Changes in root hydraulic conductivity during wheat evolution","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Chai, Y.L. (2011). Effects of Drought Stress and Rehydration on Water Conductivity of Sorghum. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Northwest A&F University]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.122499","article-title":"A Nitrate control of root hydraulic properties in plants: Translating local information to whole plant response","volume":"148","author":"Gorska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1078\/0176-1617-00886","article-title":"Effect of partial root excision on transpiration, root hydraulic conductance and leaf growth in wheat seedlings","volume":"160","author":"Vysotskaya","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1006.2013.01462","article-title":"Effects of root excision and water stress on root hydraulics and TaPIPs expression in wheat seedlings","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Agron. Sin."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"115","article-title":"Effects of root excision on the properties of root biology and water metabolism of maize seedlings","volume":"25","author":"Wei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Agric. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010700617829","article-title":"Growth rate, IAA and cytokinin content of wheat seedling after root pruning","volume":"33","author":"Vysotskaya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"171","article-title":"Effects of cultivars intercropping on maize water balance under different planting densities","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Eco-Agri."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.19.00315","article-title":"Leaf-derived jasmonate mediates water uptake from hydrated cotton roots under partial root-zone irrigation","volume":"180","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.04.037","article-title":"CO2 enrichment enhanced drought resistance by regulating growth, hydraulic conductivity and phytohormone contents in the root of cucumber seedlings","volume":"152","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Adams, W., and Terashima, I. (2018). Leaf photosynthesis of upland and lowland crops grown under moisture-rich conditions. The Leaf: A Platform for Performing Photosynthesis, Springer."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-013-0158-y","article-title":"Heterosis for water uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) roots under water deficit: Responses at cellular, single-root and whole-root system levels","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Arid. Land."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14330","article-title":"Leaf water potential measurements using the pressure chamber: Synthetic testing of assumptions towards best practices for precision and accuracy","volume":"45","author":"Forner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026439226716","article-title":"Water uptake by plant roots: An integration of views","volume":"226","author":"Steudle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Soil."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2014.07.002","article-title":"Changes in the yield and associated photosynthetic traits of dry-land winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from the 1940s to the 2010s in Shaanxi Province of China","volume":"167","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2019.10.015","article-title":"Crop Improvement from phenotyping roots: Highlights reveal expanding opportunities","volume":"25","author":"Tracy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2010.07.001","article-title":"Grain yield, dry matter accumulation and remobilization, and root respiration in winter wheat as affected by seeding rate and root pruning","volume":"33","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2009.10.017","article-title":"Effect of lowering the root\/shoot ratio by pruning roots on water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat","volume":"115","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, X., Zhou, G., and He, Q. (2021). Critical leaf water content for maize photosynthesis under drought stress and its response to rewatering. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13137218"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2021.104651","article-title":"Soil water deficit suppresses development of maize ear by altering metabolism and photosynthesis","volume":"192","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2021.107252","article-title":"Photosynthetic and physiological responses to drought of Jerusalem artichoke genotypes differing in drought resistance","volume":"259","author":"Puangbut","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agr. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru481","article-title":"Increasing leaf hydraulic conductance with transpiration rate minimizes the water potential drawdown from stem to leaf","volume":"66","author":"Simonin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/1343943X.2020.1794915","article-title":"Accession difference in leaf photosynthesis, root hydraulic conductance and gene expression of root aquaporins under salt stress in barley seedlings","volume":"24","author":"Kodama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"475","article-title":"Signal transport and integral behavior in maintaining water economy in higher plant","volume":"17","author":"Lou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chin. Bull Bot."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00013101","article-title":"Root:shoot ratios of old and modern, tall and semi-dwarf wheats in a mediterranean environment","volume":"121","author":"Siddique","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueroa-Bustos, V., Palta, J., Chen, Y., and Siddique, K. (2018). Characterization of root and shoot traits in wheat cultivars with putative differences in root system size. Agronomy, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy8070109"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1716","article-title":"Effect of root cutting on leaf photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency of maize","volume":"12","author":"Chai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. App. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2012.05.014","article-title":"Prognosis for genetic improvement of yield potential and water-limited yield of major grain crops","volume":"143","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.17521\/cjpe.2004.0028","article-title":"Carbon consumption of roots and its relationship to yield formation in spring wheat as affected by soil moisture","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.114.249037","article-title":"Reduced root cortical cell file number improves drought tolerance in maize","volume":"166","author":"Chimungu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2018.00092","article-title":"Introgression of Physiological Traits for a comprehensive improvement of drought adaptation in crop plants","volume":"6","author":"Sreeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/1343943X.2020.1766361","article-title":"Mapping quantitative trait loci for water uptake of rice under aerobic conditions","volume":"23","author":"Corales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"78","article-title":"Comparative study on the characteristics of maize root under the conditions of saturated irrigation in different eras","volume":"21","author":"Xiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Maize Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"71","article-title":"Improvement of nitrogen use efficiency and the relationship with root system characters of maize cultivars in different year","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Nutr. Fert. Sci."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/17\/2300\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:22:39Z","timestamp":1760142159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/17\/2300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["plants11172300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants11172300","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]}}}