{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:19:52Z","timestamp":1766067592791,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31600491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31600491"]}]},{"name":"the Central Forestry Reform and Development Fund: research on the protection of national key wild endangered plants in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River (Chongqing section)","award":["31600491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31600491"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eurya plants are usually dioecious or subdioecious with small fragrant flowers. Here, we investigate the floral scent components of the subdioecious species Eurya loquaiana Dunn and how floral scent affects pollinators. Headspace solid-phase microextraction\u2013gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to compare the floral scents of male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers. We also test whether differences in floral scent affect the foraging behaviors of pollinators and describe the flower morphological traits of the three sexes. Twenty-eight floral scent compounds were tentatively identified, and four monoterpenoids were tentatively identified as the most abundant compounds: linalool oxide (pyranoid), linalool, lilac aldehyde, and linalool oxide (furanoid). There were floral scent differences among the sex types, and male flowers were more attractive to pollinators in the wild, even when visual factors were excluded, indicating that pollinators likely distinguish sexual differences by floral scent. In the competition for pollinators, the advantage that male flowers have over female and hermaphrodite flowers can likely be accounted for the differences in floral scent and display size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11192560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T22:53:19Z","timestamp":1664405599000},"page":"2560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sexual Differences in Eurya loquaiana Dunn Floral Scent and How Pollinators Respond"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9637-2508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongping","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Research Center for Low Carbon and Ecological Environment, Chongqing Academy of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401123, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 161, 105\u2013121.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ling, L.G. (1998). Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinica, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Min, T.L., and Bartholomew, B. (2007). Flora of China: Theaceae, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"12","article-title":"Colony management of wild osmanthus in winter","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Bee"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi1947.94.7_872","article-title":"Studies on medical resources. XXXIV. The constituents of genus Eurya. (1). Eurya japonica Thunb. and Eurya emarginata Makino","volume":"94","author":"Morita","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2003.09.034","article-title":"Induction of the apoptosis of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells by Eurya emarginata","volume":"205","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"118","article-title":"Wild Plant Resources and Landscape Application Prospects of Eurya in China","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Silvae Sin."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-1051.2013.00226.x","article-title":"Flower structure and sex expression of leaky dioecy in Eurya obtusifolia","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nord. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"229","article-title":"Variation of sex expression and flower structure in a population of Eurya japonica Thunb","volume":"66","author":"Murata","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Bot."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.12189","article-title":"Differences in female reproductive success between female and hermaphrodite individuals in the subdioecious shrub Eurya japonica (Theaceae)","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"plw067","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plw067","article-title":"High male fertility in males of a subdioecious shrub in hand-pollinated crosses","volume":"8","author":"Hui","year":"2016","journal-title":"AoB Plants"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"202","article-title":"Sex Expression and Reproduction Allocation in Eurya Loquaiana Chin","volume":"52","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Bot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers308","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in flowering plants","volume":"64","author":"Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geber, M.A., Dawson, T.E., and Delph, L.F. (1999). Gender and Sexual Dimorphism in Flowering Plants, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03908-3"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2009.01590.x","article-title":"Sniffing out patterns of sexual dimorphism in floral scent","volume":"23","author":"Ashman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dudareva, N., and Pichersky, E. (2006). Biology of Floral Scent, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420004007"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"2417","article-title":"Odour concentration affects odour identity in honeybees","volume":"272","author":"Wright","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"20180661","article-title":"Bumblebees distinguish floral scent patterns, and can transfer these to corresponding visual patterns","volume":"285","author":"Lawson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1890\/04-1161","article-title":"The scent of a male: The role of floral volatiles in pollination of a gender dimorphic plant","volume":"86","author":"Ashman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-9-190","article-title":"How to be an attractive male: Floral dimorphism and attractiveness to pollinators in a dioecious plant","volume":"9","author":"Waelti","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20132280","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2280","article-title":"Active pollination favours sexual dimorphism in floral scent","volume":"280","author":"Okamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8266","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4378","article-title":"Sexual and temporal variations in floral scent in the subdioecious shrub Eurya japonica Thunb","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess15295","article-title":"Sexual Differences in Chemical Composition and Aroma-active Compounds of Essential Oil from Flower Buds of Eurya japonica","volume":"65","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wan, Y., Sun, Z., Li, T., Liu, X., Ma, H., Liu, X., He, R., Ma, Y., and Li, Z. (2017). Floral Scent Chemistry of Luculia yunnanensis (Rubiaceae), a Species Endemic to China with Sweetly Fragrant Flowers. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22060879"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00093a045","article-title":"Isolation and identification of headspace volatiles from brewed coffee with an on-column GC\/MS method","volume":"38","author":"Shimoda","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-1978(00)00081-8","article-title":"Exudation of low molecular weight compounds (thiobismethane, methyl isocyanide, and methyl isothiocyanate) as a possible chemical defense mechanism in the marine sponge Ircinia felix","volume":"29","author":"Duque","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3126\/kuset.v8i1.6043","article-title":"Bioactive Volatile Compounds Of Three Medicinal Plants From Nepal","volume":"8","author":"Gyawali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ. J. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1021\/jf026226y","article-title":"Distribution of Volatile Compounds in the Pulp, Cloud, and Serum of Freshly Squeezed Orange Juice","volume":"51","author":"Brat","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1314","article-title":"Characterization of aroma-active compounds of Abies nephrolepis (Khingan fir) needles using aroma extract dilution analysis","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"804","article-title":"Volatile flavor compounds of sweetened condensed milk","volume":"66","author":"Shimoda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/jhrc.1240191011","article-title":"Volatile constituents from Andes berry (Rubus glaucus Benth)","volume":"19","author":"Morales","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. High Resolut. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3224","article-title":"Comparison of volatile emissions from undamaged and mechanically damaged almonds","volume":"88","author":"Beck","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4205","article-title":"Distribution of aroma volatile compounds in tangerine hybrids and proposed inheritance","volume":"91","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020282h","article-title":"Identification of potent odorants in Chinese jasmine green tea scented with flowers of Jasminum sambac","volume":"50","author":"Ito","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9706991","article-title":"Aroma-active compounds in Kimchi during fermentation","volume":"46","author":"Cha","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1021\/jf048278o","article-title":"Characterization of aroma compounds responsible for the rosy\/floral flavor in cheddar cheese","volume":"53","author":"Whetstine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.06.021","article-title":"Influence of different preservation treatments on the volatile fraction of desalted cod","volume":"98","author":"Escriche","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1021\/jf035133t","article-title":"Comparison of Isolation Methods for the Determination of Important Aroma Compounds in Black Currant (Ribes nigrum L.) Juice, Using Nasal Impact Frequency Profiling","volume":"52","author":"Varming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1026(200007\/08)15:4<251::AID-FFJ905>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Free and bound flavour components of Amazonian fruits: 2. cupuacu Volatile compounds","volume":"15","author":"Boulanger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/1615-9314(20020201)25:3<147::AID-JSSC147>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Free, glycosidically bound, and phosphate bound flavor constituents of badea (Passiflora quadrangularis) fruit pulp","volume":"25","author":"Osorio","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-006-0252-x","article-title":"Thin-layer high-vacuum distillation to isolate volatile flavour compounds of cocoa powder","volume":"223","author":"Krings","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1376","article-title":"Essential oils of Kenyan Citrus fruits: Volatile components of two varieties of mandarins (Citrus reticulata) and a tangelo (C. paradisi \u00d7 C. tangerina)","volume":"20","author":"Njoroge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.1975","article-title":"Analysis and characterization of aroma-active compounds of Schizandra chinensis (omija) leaves","volume":"85","author":"Zheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1021\/jf001398l","article-title":"Volatile Compounds Released by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Glycoconjugates of Leaves and Grape Berries from Vitis vinifera Muscat of Alexandria and Shiraz Cultivars","volume":"49","author":"Wirth","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9601168","article-title":"Aroma compounds from aqueous solution of haze (Rhus succedanea) honey determined by adsorptive column chromatography","volume":"44","author":"Shimoda","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4168(20000501)23:5<379::AID-JHRC379>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Identification of Free and Glycosidically Bound Volatiles and Glycosides by Capillary GC and Capillary GC-MS in \u201cLulo del Choc\u00f3\u201d (Solanum topiro)","volume":"23","author":"Morales","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. High Resolut. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1026(199703)12:2<63::AID-FFJ614>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Chemical composition and analyses of enantiomers of essential oils from Madagascar","volume":"12","author":"Schreier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2006.00173.x","article-title":"Characterization of Aroma-Active Compounds in Microwave Blanced Peanuts)","volume":"71","author":"Schirack","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2621.2003.00691.x","article-title":"Flavour components of orange wine made from a Turkish cv. Kozan","volume":"38","author":"Selli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess14225","article-title":"Characteristic Odor Components of Essential Oils from Eurya japonica","volume":"64","author":"Motooka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2019, May 20). Flavornet and Human Odor Space. Available online: http:\/\/www.flavornet.org\/flavornet.html."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10905-005-8737-1","article-title":"Insect Choice and Floral Size Dimorphism: Sexual Selection or Natural Selection?","volume":"18","author":"Abraham","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Insect Behav."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Deng, H.P. (2017). Study on Plant Diversity in Chongqing Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1360\/aps050007","article-title":"A comparison of several methods used in the field for nectar collection and concentration analysis","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Phytotaxon. Sin."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00438.x","article-title":"Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure","volume":"18","author":"Clarke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/19\/2560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:41:30Z","timestamp":1760143290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/19\/2560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["plants11192560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants11192560","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2223-7747"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]}}}