{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T18:34:14Z","timestamp":1774377254429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis and cancer are serious worldwide diseases, and the available drugs cause serious side effects. Investigation for new alternative therapies from natural sources is now an increasing concern. Herein, we carried out, for the first time, an in vitro screening of Cycas rumphii Miq. leaves for toxoplasmocidal effect, using Viruluent RH Toxoplasma gondii, and cytotoxic activity against HEPG-2, HCT-116 and HELA cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Among the tested extracts, the ethyl acetate fraction was the most effective against T. gondii, with an EC50 of 3.51 \u00b1 0.2 \u00b5g\/mL compared to cotrimoxazole (4.18 \u00b1 0.01 \u00b5g\/mL) and was the most potent against the tested cell lines, especially HEPG-2, with an IC50 of 6.98 \u00b1 0.5 \u00b5g\/mL compared to doxorubicin (4.50 \u00b1 0.2 \u00b5g\/mL). Seven compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction by extensive chromatographic techniques and fully elucidated using different spectroscopies. Compound (7) is an undescribed 4\u2032, 4\u2032\u2032\u2032 biapigenin di-C-glucoside, which showed a strong cytotoxic activity. Four known biflavonoids (1, 2, 4 and 5) in addition to a phenolic acid ester (3) and a flavonoid glycoside (6) were also isolated. Compounds (1, 3 and 6) were reported for the first time from C. rumphii.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11212867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"2867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Toxoplasmocidal and Cytotoxic Activities Guided Isolation and Characterization of an Undescribed Bioflavonoid-di-C-glucoside from Cycas rumphii Miq. Cultivated in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7932-6967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hosam M.","family":"El-Seadawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamilia A.","family":"Abo El-Seoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3656-6423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"El-Aasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6455-5716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haytham O.","family":"Tawfik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8276-5397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amany E.","family":"Ragab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Louis, M., and Weiss, K.K. (2020). Toxoplasmosis in Wild and Domestic Animals. Toxoplasma Gondii: The Model Apicomplexan-Perspectives and Methods, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3954-1","article-title":"The Global Serological Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Felids during the Last Five Decades (1967\u20132017): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Montazeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"898","article-title":"Global Status of Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Systematic Review and Prevalence Snapshots","volume":"36","author":"Molan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piu077","article-title":"Congenital Toxoplasmosis","volume":"3","author":"McAuley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00057-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00057-17","article-title":"Treatment of Toxoplasmosis: Historical Perspective, Animal Models and Current Clinical Practice","volume":"31","author":"Dunay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1086\/590149","article-title":"Management of Toxoplasma gondii Infection during Pregnancy","volume":"47","author":"Montoya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(95)01259-G","article-title":"Presence of Aromatase Inhibitors in Cycads","volume":"47","author":"Kowalska","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3923\/jm.2011.761.768","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Cycas rumphii Miq. Leaves Extracts against Some Tropical Human Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-1978(75)90057-5","article-title":"Biflavanoids of the Cycadales","volume":"2","author":"Dossaji","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.7751\/telopea20095826","article-title":"The Genus Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Indonesia","volume":"12","author":"Lindstrom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Telopea"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"50","article-title":"Use of Cycas rumphii Miquel (Cycadaceae) Roots to Treat Snakebite","volume":"2","author":"Hosen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharmacogn."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"349","article-title":"A Survey of Medicinal Plant Usage by Folk Medicinal Practitioners in Two Villages by the Rupsha River in Bagerhat District, Bangladesh","volume":"4","author":"Mollik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am.-Eurasian J. Sustain. Agric."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"60","article-title":"Synthesis, Mass Spectroscopic Studies, Cytotoxicity Evaluation and Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship of Novel Isoindolin-1, 3-Dione Derivatives","volume":"21","author":"Hossan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Process Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1240743","article-title":"Phytochemical Investigation of Cycas circinalis and Cycas Revoluta Leaflets: Moderately Active Antibacterial Biflavonoids","volume":"76","author":"Moawad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)82499-1","article-title":"13C NMR Studies of Some Naturally Occurring Amentoflavone and Hinokiflavone Biflavonoids","volume":"26","author":"Markham","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2015.1110702","article-title":"A New Biflavonoid from the Whole Herb of Lepisorus ussuriensis","volume":"30","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200690044","article-title":"Structurally Unique Biflavonoids from Selaginella chrysocaulos and Selaginella bryopteris","volume":"3","author":"Swamy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2018.12.008","article-title":"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Data of Isolated Compounds from Acacia farnesiana (L) Willd Fruits and Two Esterified Derivatives","volume":"22","year":"2019","journal-title":"Data Br."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.22146\/ijc.21515","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Methyl Gallate Isolated From The Leaves of Toona sureni","volume":"9","author":"Ekaprasada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indones. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-1998-11-1202","article-title":"External Accumulation of Biflavonoids on Gymnosperm Leaves","volume":"53","author":"Wollenweber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Z. Fur Naturforsch.-Sect. C J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.12991\/mpj.2017.27","article-title":"Biflavonoids from the Leaves and Stem Bark of Garcinia griffithii and Their Biological Activities","volume":"21","author":"Salleh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Marmara Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3923\/crn.2016.16.22","article-title":"Review on Chemistry and Pharmacological Potential of Amentoflavone","volume":"6","author":"Bais","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2014.04.005","article-title":"Prenylated Flavonoids from the Stem Wood of Commiphora opobalsamum (L.) Engl. (Burseraceae)","volume":"27","author":"Suleiman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ.-Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"465","article-title":"Biotransformation of Naringenin by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens into Three Naringenin Derivatives","volume":"14","author":"Koirala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-40422010000600015","article-title":"Occurrence Of Biflavones In Leaves of Caesalpinia pyramidalis Specimens","volume":"33","author":"Bahia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qu\u00edm. Nova."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2005.10.002","article-title":"Biflavonoids from Lonicera Japonica","volume":"66","author":"Kumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen, \u00d8.M., and Markham, K.R. (2006). Flavonoids Chemistry, Biochemistry and Applications, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420039443"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2008.11.005","article-title":"C-glycosyl flavones from Peperomia blanda","volume":"80","author":"Velozo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fitoterapia."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4488","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.6b02203","article-title":"Total synthesis of (+)-vicenin-2","volume":"18","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2993","article-title":"Selective Cytotoxic Activities of Two Novel Synthetic Drugs on Human Breast Carcinoma MCF-7 Cells","volume":"29","author":"Badisa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-91","article-title":"In Vitro Anti-Toxoplasma Gondii Activity of Root Extract\/Fractions of Eurycoma longifolia Jack","volume":"12","author":"Kavitha","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid Colorimetric Assay for Cellular Growth and Survival: Application to Proliferation and Cytotoxicity Assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Lmmunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(86)90368-6","article-title":"Rapid Colorimetric Assay for Cell Growth and Survival. Modifications to the Tetrazolium Dye Procedure Giving Improved Sensitivity and Reliability","volume":"89","author":"Denizot","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/21\/2867\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:04:00Z","timestamp":1760144640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/21\/2867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["plants11212867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants11212867","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]}}}