{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:44:55Z","timestamp":1790905495058,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology","award":["2018B020202009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B020202009"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology","award":["2022KJ108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ108"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology","award":["201803020008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201803020008"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Special Fund for Modern Agriculture Industry Technology Innovation Teams","award":["2018B020202009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B020202009"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Special Fund for Modern Agriculture Industry Technology Innovation Teams","award":["2022KJ108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ108"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Special Fund for Modern Agriculture Industry Technology Innovation Teams","award":["201803020008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201803020008"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology","award":["2018B020202009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B020202009"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology","award":["2022KJ108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ108"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology","award":["201803020008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201803020008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dwarfing is an important agricultural trait for intensive cultivation and effective orchard management in modern fruit orchards. Commercial citrus production relies on grafting with rootstocks that reduce tree vigor to control plant height. Citrus growers all over the world have been attracted to dwarfing trees because of their potential for higher planting density, increased productivity, easy harvest, pruning, and efficient spraying. Dwarfing rootstocks can be used to achieve high density. As a result, the use and development of dwarfing rootstocks are important. Breeding programs in several countries have led to the production of citrus dwarf rootstocks. For example, the dwarfing rootstocks \u2018Flying Dragon\u2019, \u2018FA 517\u2019, \u2018HTR-051\u2019, \u2018US-897\u2019, and \u2018Red tangerine\u2019 cultivated in various regions allow the design of dense orchards. Additionally, dwarf or short-stature trees were obtained using interstocks, citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd) and various chemical applications. This review summarizes what is known about dwarf citrus rootstocks and the mechanisms underlying rootstock\u2013scion interactions. Despite advances in recent decades, many questions regarding rootstock-induced scion development remain unanswered. Citrus rootstocks with dwarfing potential have been investigated regarding physiological aspects, hormonal communication, mineral uptake capacity, and horticultural performance. This study lays the foundation for future research into the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying citrus dwarfing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11212876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"2876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["A Mini Review of Citrus Rootstocks and Their Role in High-Density Orchards"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8762-9693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Hayat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4321-8598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahid","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leming","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5057-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashad Mukhtar","family":"Balal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Nawaz","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9108-0960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Azher","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ummara","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Asad","family":"Farhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caiqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenpei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panfeng","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiezhong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayat, F., Li, J., Liu, W., Li, C., Song, W., Iqbal, S., Khan, U., Umer Javed, H., Ahsan Altaf, M., and Tu, P. 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