{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:21:02Z","timestamp":1788884462182,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"research program of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute","award":["523310-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["523310-22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Esculeoside A and tomatine are two major steroidal alkaloids in tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) that exhibit anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-hyperlipidemia activities. Tomatine contained in immature tomato fruit is converted to esculeoside A as the fruit matures. To develop new tomato varieties based on the content analysis of functional secondary metabolites, 184 mutant lines were generated from the original cultivar (S. lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) by radiation breeding. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector was used to identify the mutant lines with good traits by analyzing tomatine and esculeoside A content. Compared with the original cultivar, candidates for highly functional cultivars with high esculeoside A content were identified in the mature fruit of the mutant lines. The mutant lines with low and high tomatine content at an immature stage were selected as edible cultivars due to toxicity reduction and as a source of tomatine with various pharmacological activities, respectively. During the process of ripening from green to red tomatoes, the rate of conversion of tomatine to esculeoside A was high in the green tomatoes with a low tomatine content, whereas green tomatoes with a high tomatine content exhibited a low conversion rate. Using methanol extracts prepared from unripe and ripe fruits of the original cultivar and its mutant lines and two major compounds, we examined their cytotoxicity against FaDu human hypopharynx squamous carcinoma cells. Only tomatine exhibited cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 5.589 \u03bcM, whereas the other samples did not exhibit cytotoxicity. Therefore, radiation breeding represents a useful tool for developing new cultivars with high quality, and metabolite analysis is applicable for the rapid and objective selection of potential mutant lines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11212895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T09:01:42Z","timestamp":1667120502000},"page":"2895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Content of Two Major Steroidal Glycoalkaloids in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) Mutant Lines at Different Ripening Stages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Trung Huy","family":"Ngo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0187-7907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jisu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeong Deuk","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea"},{"name":"College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6604-8862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang Hyun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3876-4201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chan-Hun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju-si 54810, Jeollabuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bomi","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Cosmetic Industry for Namwon, Namwon-si 55801, Jeollabuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7824-4441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ah-Reum","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5502-0736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joo-Won","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, September 18). 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Protoc."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/21\/2895\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:04Z","timestamp":1760144704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/21\/2895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["plants11212895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants11212895","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]}}}