{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:55:49Z","timestamp":1792180549369,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fusarium solani is a plant pathogenic fungus that causes tomato root rot disease and yield losses in tomato production. The current study\u2019s main goal is testing the antibacterial efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Thyme vulgaris essential oil (ThE-CsNPs) against F. solani in vitro and in vivo. GC-MS analysis was used to determine the chemical constituents of thyme EO. ThE-CsNPs were investigated using transmission electron microscopy before being physicochemically characterized using FT-IR. ThE-CsNPs were tested for antifungal activity against F. solani mycelial growth in vitro. A pot trial was conducted to determine the most effective dose of ThE-CsNPs on the morph\/physiological characteristics of Solanum lycopersicum, as well as the severity of fusarium root rot. The relative gene expression of WRKY transcript factors and defense-associated genes were quantified in root tissues under all treatment conditions. In vitro results revealed that ThE-CsNPs (1%) had potent antifungal efficacy against F. solani radial mycelium growth. The expression of three WRKY transcription factors and three tomato defense-related genes was upregulated. Total phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant enzyme activity were all increased. The outfindings of this study strongly suggested the use of ThE-CsNPs in controlling fusarium root rot on tomatoes; however, other experiments remain necessary before they are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11223129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T03:26:04Z","timestamp":1668655564000},"page":"3129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Green Synthesized of Thymus vulgaris Chitosan Nanoparticles Induce Relative WRKY-Genes Expression in Solanum lycopersicum against Fusarium solani, the Causal Agent of Root Rot Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sawsan","family":"Abd-Ellatif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5904-9736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira A.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Arish University, Al-Arish 45511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0533-614X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatmah A.","family":"Safhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsayed S.","family":"Abdel Razik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanaa S. A.","family":"Kabeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salman","family":"Aloufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6086-5071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal A.","family":"Alyamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa M.","family":"Basuoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6513-7444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salha Mesfer","family":"ALshamrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21493, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6018-7319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazem S.","family":"Elshafie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bihon, W., Ognakossan, K.E., Tignegre, J.-B., Hanson, P., Ndiaye, K., and Srinivasan, R. (2022). Evaluation of Different Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Entries and Varieties for Performance and Adaptation in Mali, West Africa. Horticulturae, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8070579"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EL-Mansy, A.B., Abd El-Moneim, D., ALshamrani, S.M., Safhi, F.A., Abdein, M.A., and Ibrahim, A.A. (2021). Genetic Diversity Analysis of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with Morphological, Cytological, and Molecular Markers under Heat Stress. Horticulturae, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae7040065"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2011.911.10","article-title":"AVRDC\u2014The world vegetable center tomato breeding in Sub-Saharan Africa:Lessons from the past, present work, and future prospects","volume":"911","author":"Fufa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayenan, M.A.T., Danquah, A., Hanson, P., Asante, I.K., and Danquah, E.Y. (2022). Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes Respond Differently to Long-Term Dry and Humid Heat Stress. Horticulturae, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8020118"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soliman, S.A., Hafez, E.E., Al-Kolaibe, A.M.G., Abdel Razik, E.-S.S., Abd-Ellatif, S., Ibrahim, A.A., Kabeil, S.S.A., and Elshafie, H.S. (2022). Biochemical Characterization, Antifungal Activity, and Relative Gene Expression of Two Mentha Essential Oils Controlling Fusarium oxysporum, the Causal Agent of Lycopersicon esculentum Root Rot. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11020189"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"555661","article-title":"Root rot diseases in plants: A review of common causal agents and management strategies","volume":"5","author":"Bodah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agri. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2019.06.002","article-title":"Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causal agent of vascular wilt disease of tomato: Biology to diversity\u2014A review","volume":"26","author":"Srinivas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.02.053","article-title":"Identification of new sources of resistance to resistance-breaking isolates of tomato spotted wilt virus","volume":"28","author":"Fidan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arora, H., Sharma, A., Poczai, P., Sharma, S., Haron, F.F., Gafur, A., and Sayyed, R.Z. (2022). Plant-Derived Protectants in Combating Soil-Borne Fungal Infections in Tomato and Chilli. J. Fungi., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8020213"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haq, I.U., and Ijaz, S. (2020). Synthetic chemicals: Major component of plant disease management. Plant Disease Management Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture through Traditional and Modern Approaches, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35955-3_4"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aamir, M., Singh, V.K., Dubey, M.K., Kashyap, S.P., Zehra, A., Upadhyay, R.S., and Singh, S. (2018). Structural and functional dissection of differentially expressed tomato WRKY transcripts in host defense response against the vascular wilt pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193922"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., and Singh, I. (2018). Insights into the Role of WRKY Superfamily of Protein Transcription Factor in Defense Response. Molecular Aspects of Plant-Pathogen Interaction, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7371-7_8"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.04.066","article-title":"Impact of mycogenic zinc nanoparticles on performance, behavior, immune response, and microbial load in Oreochromis niloticus","volume":"28","author":"Alkhatib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2021.01.012","article-title":"Biological silicon nanoparticles improve Phaseolus vulgaris L. yield and minimize its contaminant contents on a heavy metals-contaminated saline soil","volume":"106","author":"Desoky","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.04.043","article-title":"The use of biological selenium nanoparticles to suppress Triticum aestivum L. crown and root rot diseases induced by Fusarium species and improve yield under drought and heat stress","volume":"28","author":"Saad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.07.059","article-title":"Selenium nanoparticles from Lactobacillus paracasei HM1 capable of antagonizing animal pathogenic fungi as a new source from human breast milk","volume":"28","author":"Saad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.18782\/2320-7051.6493","article-title":"Application of nanotechnology in agriculture","volume":"7","author":"Elizabath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pure Appl. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"411","article-title":"Chitin and chitosan: Production and application of versatile biomedical nanomaterials","volume":"4","author":"Hamblin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.153","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan and its derivatives and their applications: A review","volume":"164","author":"Shafi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2015.09.031","article-title":"Biostimulant activity of chitosan in horticulture","volume":"196","author":"Pichyangkura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3923\/ajppaj.2017.53.70","article-title":"Chitosan for eco-friendly control of plant disease","volume":"11","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"104706","article-title":"Effects of Thyme Extract Oils (from Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis, and Thymus hyemalis) on Cytokine Production and Gene Expression of oxLDL-Stimulated THP-1-Macrophages","volume":"2012","author":"Reglero","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5772\/50956","article-title":"Therapeutic potentials of silver nanoparticle complex of \u03b1-lipoic acid","volume":"1","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanomater. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.09.203","article-title":"Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of Iran","volume":"220","author":"Tohidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13808","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and signaling in plant-microbe interactions","volume":"93","author":"Saijo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-017-0737-4","article-title":"Characterization of Citrus WRKY transcription factors and their responses to phytohormones and abiotic stresses","volume":"62","author":"Marmaneu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"26","article-title":"WRKY transcription factor: Role in abiotic and biotic stress","volume":"7","author":"Shankar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Stress"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00801","article-title":"The role of tomato WRKY genes in plant responses to combined abiotic and biotic stresses","volume":"9","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-012-0696-6","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of WRKY transcription factors in Solanum lycopersicum","volume":"287","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genomics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plgene.2017.11.002","article-title":"Genome wide expression analysis of WRKY genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under drought stress","volume":"13","author":"Karkute","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Gene"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/sst026","article-title":"Protein\u2014Protein interactions in the regulation of WRKY transcription factors","volume":"6","author":"Chi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.22192\/ijarbs.2017.04.06.017","article-title":"Recent trend in controlling root rot disease of tomato caused by Fusarium Solani using aluminasilica nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Shenashen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"40","article-title":"A unique and profound effect of MgO and ZnO nanoparticles on some plant pathogenic fungi","volume":"2","author":"Wani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3923\/ppj.2004.9.18","article-title":"Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato and control methods","volume":"3","author":"Ozbay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Pathol. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5173","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10702","article-title":"Effects of different heat treatments on lysozyme quantity and antimicrobial activity of jenny milk","volume":"99","author":"Cosentino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"96","article-title":"Biological activity and chemical identification of ornithine lipid produced by Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricicola ICMP 11096 using LC-MS and NMR analyses","volume":"90","author":"Elshafie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02695","article-title":"Study of the regulatory role of N-acyl homoserine lactones mediated quorum sensing in the biological activity of Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricicola causing soft rot of Agaricus spp.","volume":"10","author":"Elshafie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.02.017","article-title":"Impact of airborne zinc pollution on the antimicrobial activity of olive oil and the microbial metabolic profiles of Zn-contaminated soils in an Italian olive orchard","volume":"49","author":"Sofo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2016.04.014","article-title":"In vitro study of biological activity of four strains of Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricicola and identification of their bioactive metabolites using GC\u2013MS","volume":"24","author":"Elshafie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Harbi, N.A., Al Attar, N.M., Hikal, D.M., Mohamed, S.E., Abdel Latef, A.A.H., Ibrahim, A.A., and Abdein, M.A. (2021). Evaluation of Insecticidal Effects of Plants Essential Oils Extracted from Basil, Black Seeds and Lavender against Sitophilus oryzae. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10050829"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raveau, R., Fontaine, J., and Loun\u00e8s-Hadj Sahraoui, A. (2020). Essential oils as potential alternative biocontrol products against plant pathogens and weeds: A Review. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9030365"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14723","article-title":"Biological investigations of essential oils extracted from three Juniperus species and evaluation of their antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities","volume":"129","author":"Elshafie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camele, I., Grul\u2019ov\u00e1, D., and Elshafie, H.S. (2021). Chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of Mentha piperita cv. \u2018Kristinka\u2019 essential oil. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10081567"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, H.M., Elgat, W., El-Hefny, M., Salem, M.Z.M., Taha, A.S., Al Farraj, D.A., Elshikh, M.S., Hatamleh, A.A., and Abdel-Salam, E.M. (2021). New Approach for Using of Mentha longifolia L. and Citrus reticulata L. Essential Oils as Wood-Biofungicides: GC-MS, SEM, and MNDO Quantum Chemical Studies. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14061361"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werrie, P.Y., Durenne, B., Delaplace, P., and Fauconnier, M.L. (2020). Phytotoxicity of Essential Oils: Opportunities and Constraints for the Development of Biopesticides. A Review. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9091291"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00801.x","article-title":"Chitinase genes revealed and compared in bacterial isolates, DNA extracts and a metagenomic library from a phytopathogen-suppressive soil","volume":"71","author":"Hjort","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS.1998.82.3.322","article-title":"Effects of chitin and chitosan on the incidence and severity of Fusarium yellows in celery","volume":"82","author":"Bell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.022","article-title":"Evaluation of different factors affecting antimicrobial properties of chitosan","volume":"85","author":"Hosseinnejad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5291","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01361-13","article-title":"Chitin amendment increases soil suppressiveness toward plant pathogens and modulates the actinobacterial and oxalobacteraceal communities in an experimental agricultural field","volume":"79","author":"Cretoiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2006.06.009","article-title":"Effects of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck epicarp essential oil on growth and morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem","volume":"163","author":"Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2015.0093","article-title":"An in vitro attempt for controlling severe phytopathogens and human pathogens using essential oils from Mediterranean plants of genus Schinus","volume":"19","author":"Elshafie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2016.0066","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of three essential oils extracted from Mediterranean aromatic plants","volume":"19","author":"Elshafie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2015.05.006","article-title":"Thyme essential oil as a defense inducer of tomato against gray mold and Fusarium wilt","volume":"94","author":"Ghabri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2016.11.023","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Thymus vulgaris Collected from Saudi Arabian Market","volume":"7","author":"Athar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micucci, M., Protti, M., Aldini, R., Frosini, M., Corazza, I., Marzetti, C., Mattioli, L.B., Tocci, G., Chiarini, A., and Mercolini, L. (2020). Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil Solid Formulation: Chemical Profile and Spasmolytic and Antimicrobial Effects. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10060860"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00012","article-title":"Essential Oils in Food Preservation: Mode of Action, Synergies, and Interactions with Food Matrix Components","volume":"3","author":"Hyldgaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igoe, R.S., and Hui, Y.H. (1996). Substances for use in foods: Listing under Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Dictionary of Food Ingredients, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6838-4_2"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.01.035","article-title":"Influence of Free Energy on the Attachment of Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria Monocytogenes on Stainless Steels AISI 304 and AISI 316","volume":"69","author":"Casarin","year":"2016","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07099-11","article-title":"Differential Biofilm Formation and Chemical Disinfection Resistance of Sessile Cells of Listeria Monocytogenes Strains under Monospecies and Dual-Species (with Salmonella Enterica) Conditions","volume":"78","author":"Kostaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2011.08.002","article-title":"Synergistic action between fractions of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Thymus vulgaris against Penicillium expansum","volume":"23","author":"Nguefack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijat.2004.09.003","article-title":"Essential oils in infectious gynaecological disease: A statistical study of 658 cases","volume":"14","author":"Peroteau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Aromatherapy."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166ra3","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004358","article-title":"Pazopanib enhances paclitaxel-induced mitotic catastrophe in anaplastic thyroid cancer","volume":"5","author":"Isham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00760","article-title":"WRKY transcription factors: Molecular regulation and stress responses in plants","volume":"7","author":"Phukan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.012849","article-title":"The Arabidopsis NPR1 disease resistance protein is a novel cofactor that confers redox regulation of DNA binding activity to the basic domain\/leucine zipper transcription factor TGA1","volume":"15","author":"Chubak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.01.057","article-title":"WRKY group IId transcription factors interact with calmodulin","volume":"579","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.105.037523","article-title":"Physical and Functional Interactions between Pathogen-Induced Arabidopsis WRKY18, WRKY40, and WRKY60 Transcription Factors","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"14","article-title":"Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite bleach and \u201calternative\u201d products in preventing transfer of bacteria to and from inanimate surfaces","volume":"59","author":"Parnes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rino, S., Chemat-Djenni, Z., Petitcolas, E., Gini\u00e8s, C., and Chemat, F. (2019). Downscaling of industrial turbo-distillation to laboratory turbo-clevenger for extraction of essential oils. Application of concepts of green analytical chemistry. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24152734"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800633","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201800633","article-title":"Biological investigations and spectroscopic studies of new Moxifloxacin\/Glycine-Metal complexes","volume":"16","author":"Elshafie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biodiver."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO.2003.93.2.229","article-title":"Quantification of F. solani f. sp. phaseoli in mycorrhizal bean plants and surrounding mycorrhizosphere soil using realtime polymerase chain reaction and direct isolations on selective media","volume":"93","author":"Filion","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(68)90654-1","article-title":"Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts","volume":"125","author":"Heath","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1977.28.1.49","article-title":"Total phenol analysis: Automation and comparison with manual methods","volume":"28","author":"Slinkard","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2013.08.007","article-title":"Total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant properties of three Ceropegia species from Western Ghats of India","volume":"88","author":"Chavan","year":"2013","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F4.3.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142913.faf0403s01","article-title":"Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Measurement and characterization by UV-VIS spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Food Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2015.02.008","article-title":"Rapid detection of anthocyanin content in lychee pericarp during storage using hyperspectral imaging coupled with model fusion","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postharvest. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Bergmeyer, J., and Grabi, M. (1974). Catalase in Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-DDCT Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.06.009","article-title":"TBtools: An integrative toolkit developed for interactive analyses of big biological data","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/22\/3129\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:19:17Z","timestamp":1760145557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/11\/22\/3129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["plants11223129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants11223129","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]}}}