{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T21:00:07Z","timestamp":1780434007065,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C1091855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C1091855"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNIBR202202104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNIBR202202104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resource","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C1091855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C1091855"]}]},{"name":"Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resource","award":["NNIBR202202104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNIBR202202104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is an infectious ocular disease which is difficult to diagnose correctly and cure. Development of an effective and safe therapeutic drug for AK is needed. Our preliminary screening of more than 200 extracts from wild plants collected in Korea suggested the potential amoebicidal activity of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. extract (PAE) against Acanthamoeba species. Here, we aimed to analyze the amoebicidal activity of PAE on Acanthamoeba and its underlying amoebicidal mechanism. PAE induced amoebicidal activity against both A. castellanii and A. polyphaga trophozoites, while it showed low cytotoxicity in human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-2) and human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed subcellular morphological changes, such as increased granules, abnormal mitochondria, and atypical cyst wall formation, in the PAE-treated A. castellanii. Fluorometric apoptosis assay and TUNEL assay revealed apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD) in the PAE-treated A. castellanii. The PAE treatment increased reactive oxygen species production and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential in the amoeba. The enhanced expression of autophagy-associated genes was also detected. These results suggested that PAE exerted a promising amoebicidal effect on A. castellanii trophozoites via the PCD pathway. PAE could be a potential candidate for developing a therapeutic drug for AK.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11243459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T03:36:09Z","timestamp":1670816169000},"page":"3459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Extract Induces Apoptosis-like Programmed Cell Death in Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"H\u01b0\u01a1ng-Giang","family":"L\u00ea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3902-466X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Su","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-7294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buyng-Su","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1667-9137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Tae","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Mi","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tu\u1ea5n-C\u01b0\u1eddng","family":"V\u00f5","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pyo-Yun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6926-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3041-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won-Gi","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2806-188X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeonchul","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9334-5996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Taek","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6734-1673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byoung-Kuk","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.2.413-433.2004","article-title":"Microorganisms resistant to free-living amoebae","volume":"17","author":"Greub","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. 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