{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:53:30Z","timestamp":1762876410285,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three individual hydroalcoholic extracts derived from Hamamelis virginiana leaves, Krameria lappacea root, Salix alba bark, and the resulting herbal mixture (HM) were assessed for the phytochemical profile as well as for antibacterial and cytotoxic potential. The chemical composition of the individual extracts and of their mixture was analyzed by chromatographical (LC-MS) and spectrophotometrical methods. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated by using the agar-well diffusion and the broth microdilution assays, whereas the potential cytotoxicity was investigated on human keratinocyte cell line by MTT method and apoptosis test. The HM composition revealed important amounts of valuable polyphenolic compounds provided from the individual extracts, having synergistic biological effects. All tested extracts displayed in vitro antimicrobial properties, with a significantly higher efficacy noticed for the HM when tested against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, none of the tested extracts was responsible for in vitro cytotoxicity against the human keratinocytes in the selected concentration range. Furthermore, the HM was included in an oil-in-water cream for the nonpharmacological treatment of seborrheic dermatitis, developed and optimized by using a QbD approach. A D-optimal experimental plan with four factors that varied on two levels was used to investigate the effect of the quantitative variation of the formulation factors (emulsifier, co-emulsifier, thickening agent, oily phase ratio) on the characteristics of the cream in terms of firmness, consistency, adhesiveness, stringiness, spreadability, and viscosity. Based on the experimental results, an optimal formulation containing 2.5% emulsifier and 20% oily phase was prepared and analyzed. The obtained results showed appropriate quality characteristics of this novel cream, which may be used in the future to manage the associated symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12020248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T05:29:48Z","timestamp":1672896588000},"page":"248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Chemical Profile and Biological Effects of an Herbal Mixture for the Development of an Oil-in-Water Cream"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Diana Antonia","family":"Safta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4098-6962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Ielciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffaela","family":"\u0218u\u0219tic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Hanganu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4181-0259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Niculae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400374 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Cenariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400374 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7919-7381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emoke","family":"Pall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400374 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1255-9373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirela Liliana","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Achim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u0103t\u0103lina","family":"Bogdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5094-008X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioan","family":"Tomu\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tucker, D., and Sadia, M. (2022). Seborrheic Dermatitis, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S284671","article-title":"An Overview of the Diagnosis and Management of Seborrheic Dermatitis","volume":"15","author":"Nasca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders, M.G.H., Nijsten, T., Verlouw, J., Kraaij, R., and Pardo, L.M. (2021). Composition of cutaneous bacterial microbiome in seborrheic dermatitis patients: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251136"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.0802a04","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacterial agent of the skin flora of patients with seborrheic dermatitis","volume":"8","author":"Tamer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Pract. Concept."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"28","article-title":"Seborrheic Dermatitis Treatment with Natural Honey","volume":"5","author":"Mohammed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wounds Int."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Sakamoto, K., Lochhead, H., and Yuji Yamashita, H.M. (2017). Botanical Ingredients. Cosmetic Science and Technology: Theoretical Principles and Applications, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Draelos, Z.D. (2022). Botanicals. Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119676881"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7753.139079","article-title":"North American virginian witch hazel (hamamelis virginiana): Based scalp care and protection for sensitive scalp, red scalp, and scalp burn-out","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Trichol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Committe on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) (2010). Assessment Report on Hamamelis virginiana L., Cortex, Hamamelis virginiana L. Folium, Hamamelis virginiana L., Folium et Cortex Aut Ramunculus Destillatum, European Medicines Agency."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2019.1711476","article-title":"Salix alba (white willow) medicinal plant presents genotoxic effects in human cultured leukocytes","volume":"82","author":"Maistro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2011.06.016","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of anti-inflammatory lignan derivatives in Ratanhiae radix and its tincture by HPLC\u2013PDA and HPLC\u2013MS","volume":"56","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12726","article-title":"\u2018All-natural\u2019 anti-wrinkle emulsion serum with Acmella oleracea extract: A design of experiments (DoE) formulation approach, rheology and in vivo skin performance\/efficacy evaluation","volume":"43","author":"Savic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.02.013","article-title":"Development of bioactive compounds-loaded chitosan films by using a QbD approach\u2014A novel and potential wound dressing material","volume":"138","author":"Colobatiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S128470","article-title":"Improvement of skin condition in striae distensae: Development, characterization and clinical efficacy of a cosmetic product containing Punica granatum seed oil and Croton lechleri resin extract","volume":"11","author":"Bogdan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crozier, A., Clifford, M.N., and Ashihara, H. (2006). Phenols, polyphenols and tannins: An overview. Plant Secondary Metabolites: Occurrence, Structure and Role in the Human Diet, Blackwell Publishing.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470988558"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivamani, R.K., Jagdeo, J.R., Elsner, P., and Maibach, H.I. (2016). Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics, CRC Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b18895"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pi\u0105tczak, E., Dybowska, M., P\u0142uciennik, E., Ko\u015bla, K., Kolniak-Ostek, J., and Kalinowska-Lis, U. (2020). Identification and Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in the Leaves and Bark of Salix alba (L.) and Their Biological Potential. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10101391"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genovese, C., D\u2019Angeli, F., Bellia, F., Distefano, A., Spampinato, M., Attanasio, F., Nicolosi, D., Di Salvatore, V., Tempera, G., and Furno, D.L. (2021). In Vitro Antibacterial, Anti-Adhesive and Anti-Biofilm Activities of Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & B.B. Simpson Root Extract against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040428"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piazza, S., Martinelli, G., Vrhovsek, U., Masuero, D., Fumagalli, M., Magnavacca, A., Pozzoli, C., Canilli, L., Terno, M., and Angarano, M. (2022). Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Acne Effects of Hamamelis virginiana Bark in Human Keratinocytes. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061119"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834135","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.834135","article-title":"The Human Skin Microbiome in Selected Cutaneous Diseases","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00398-1","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of some Peruvian medicinal plants from the Callejon de Huaylas","volume":"79","author":"Neto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243332","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.243332","article-title":"Antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of Salix alba L. against various disease causing pathogens","volume":"83","author":"Javed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3844\/ajbbsp.2013.41.46","article-title":"Phenolic content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of ethanolic extract of Salyx alba","volume":"9","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2021.01.008","article-title":"Anticancer efficacies of Krameria lappacea extracts against human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7): Role of oxidative stress and ROS generation","volume":"29","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namjoshi, S., Dabbaghi, M., Roberts, M.S., Grice, J.E., and Mohammed, Y. (2020). Quality by Design: Development of the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) for Semisolid Topical Products. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030287"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durakovi\u0107, B. (2017). Design of experiments application, concepts, examples: State of the art. Period. Eng. Nat. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.21533\/pen.v5i3.145"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iurian, S.M., Adespei, D.-R., Pop, A., Fize\u0219an, I., Carpa, R., Moldovan, M.L., Loghin, F., Achim, M., and Bogdan, C. (2021). Development of a Mouthwash Using Freeze-Drying Technique: An Optimization Study. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11209609"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.15171\/ijpni.2019.04","article-title":"Application of design of experiments in the development of cosmetic formulation based on natural ingredients","volume":"6","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytocosmetics Nat. Ingred."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Ash, M., and Ash, I. (2013). Handbook of Cosmetic and Personal Care Additives, Endicott. Synapse Information Resources."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Malkin, R. (2006). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Pharmaceutical Press."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dayan, N. (2017). Section II: Formulation, Processing and Production Techniques. Handbook of Formulating Dermal Applications: A Definitive Practical Guide, Scrivener Publishing LLC.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119364221"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2022, January 26). SEPIGEL 305TM|SEPPIC. Available online: https:\/\/www.seppic.com\/en\/sepigel-305."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.10.027","article-title":"Interactions between UV filters and active substances in emulsion: Effect on microstructure, physicochemical and in-vivo properties","volume":"553","author":"Calixto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotri.2018.09.003","article-title":"Spreading behavior of cosmetic emulsions: Impact of the oil phase","volume":"16","author":"Gore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotribology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2017.08.017","article-title":"Influence of the emollient structure on the properties of cosmetic emulsion containing lamellar liquid crystals","volume":"536","author":"Terescenco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-018-0960-0","article-title":"Design and Characterization of Topical Formulations: Correlations Between Instrumental and Sensorial Measurements","volume":"19","author":"Calixto","year":"2018","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"73","article-title":"Allantoin-Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Properties","volume":"8","author":"Szymanska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Med. Rodz."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12690","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12690","article-title":"Topical urea in skincare: A review","volume":"31","author":"Celleno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"18","article-title":"Urea Creams in Skin Conditions: Composition and Outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Voegeli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1926.02670370006003","article-title":"Cosmetic dermatology","volume":"86","author":"Goodman","year":"1926","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"472382","article-title":"Effect of Semisolid Formulation of Persea Americana Mill (Avocado) Oil on Wound Healing in Rats","volume":"2013","author":"Franco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2009.06.015","article-title":"The uses and properties of almond oil","volume":"16","author":"Ahmad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201000417","article-title":"Argan oil and other argan products: Use in dermocosmetology","volume":"113","author":"Guillaume","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S71684","article-title":"The effect of dietary and\/or cosmetic argan oil on postmenopausal skin elasticity","volume":"10","author":"Bensouda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2022, January 26). Caprylic Capric Triglycerides. Available online: https:\/\/www.ingredientstodiefor.com\/item\/Caprylic_Capric_Triglycerides\/464."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5790.815-b","article-title":"European Pharmacopoeia","volume":"4","year":"1971","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"179","article-title":"Polyphenolic Profile and Biological Activities of the Leaves and Aerial Parts of Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. et A. Gray (Cucurbitaceae)","volume":"65","author":"Ielciu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"677","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content of the Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. et A.Gray flowers","volume":"31","author":"Ielciu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buza, V., Niculae, M., Hanganu, D., Pall, E., Burtescu, R.F., Olah, N.-K., Matei-La\u021biu, M.-C., Vlasiuc, I., Iozon, I., and Szakacs, A.R. (2022). Biological Activities and Chemical Profile of Gentiana asclepiadea and Inula helenium Ethanolic Extracts. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113560"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ielciu, I., Niculae, M., Pall, E., Barb\u0103lat\u0103, C., Tomu\u0163\u0103, I., Olah, N.-K., Burtescu, R.F., Benedec, D., Oniga, I., and Hanganu, D. (2022). Antiproliferative and Antimicrobial Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Loaded Liposomes. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27133988"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2020). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing EUCAST Disk Diffusion Method, EUCAST."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"252","article-title":"Chemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Studies of Romanian Heracleum Sphondylium","volume":"65","author":"Benedec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornea-Cipcigan, M., Bunea, A., Bouari, C.M., Pamfil, D., P\u00e1ll, E., Urcan, A.C., and M\u0103rg\u0103oan, R. (2022). Anthocyanins and Carotenoids Characterization in Flowers and Leaves of Cyclamen Genotypes Linked with Bioactivities Using Multivariate Analysis Techniques. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061126"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12406","article-title":"Physical-Mechanical characterization of cosmetic formulations and correlation between instrumental measurements and sensorial properties","volume":"39","author":"Calixto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12661","article-title":"Measurements meet perceptions: Rheology\u2013texture\u2013sensory relations when using green, bio-derived emollients in cosmetic emulsions","volume":"43","author":"Huynh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kis, N., Kov\u00e1cs, A., Budai-Sz\u0171cs, M., G\u00e1csi, A., Cs\u00e1nyi, E., Cs\u00f3ka, I., and Berk\u00f3, S. (2019). Investigation of Silicone-Containing Semisolid in Situ Film-Forming Systems Using QbD Tools. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11120660"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2018.06.010","article-title":"A Tutorial for Developing a Topical Cream Formulation Based on the Quality by Design Approach","volume":"107","author":"Veiga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2021.102437","article-title":"The emerging role of nanotechnology in skincare","volume":"293","author":"Salvioni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.31925\/farmacia.2022.2.4","article-title":"Development and characterization of loratadine liposomal gel using qbd approach","volume":"70","author":"Toma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Farmacia"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/2\/248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:59:56Z","timestamp":1760119196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/2\/248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["plants12020248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants12020248","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2223-7747"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]}}}