{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:44:23Z","timestamp":1760147063995,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) is an essential oil-bearing, pharmacologically valuable medicinal plant growing wild in floodlands that are either not usually used for agriculture or have low economic value. The aim of this work was to understand the relationship between the yield of F. ulmaria inflorescences and the qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil during flowering stages in different habitats. Five different habitats of F. ulmaria were investigated for evaluation of inflorescence characteristics (length and weight) and the quantitative and qualitative composition of essential oils in early and late blooming stages (growing stage BBCH 62\u201363 and BBCH 65\u201367\/72\u201373, respectively). The results showed significant (p &lt; 0.05) positive correlations between the length and weight of inflorescences both in early and in late blooming stages (r = 0.73 and r = 0.72, respectively). The early blooming stage was observed to have 1.2\u20132 times greater quantity of volatile oils in comparison with the late blooming stage. Salicylaldehyde and methylsalicylate were the main salicylates in both blooming stages. Spearman\u2019s correlation showed statistically significant relationship between percentages of salicylaldehyde and methylsalicylate (r = \u22120.94, p &lt; 0.05). An increase in salicylaldehyde was accompanied by a decrease in methylsalicylate in essential oils. Statistically significant relations between the investigated parameters of plant and the parameters of habitat were not detected. The dried raw material yield of F.\u00a0ulmaria in 1 ha in the late blooming stage was 18\u201356% higher than in the early blooming stage; however, the yield of essential oil in the early flowering stage was 1.5\u20131.6 times higher than in the late flowering stage. The obtained research data suggest that the low economic value of floodlands\u2014the habitats of F. ulmaria\u2014can be increased by using these areas as natural industrial plots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12020300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T04:42:17Z","timestamp":1673239337000},"page":"300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Variations in Yield, Essential Oil, and Salicylates of Filipendula ulmaria Inflorescences at Different Blooming Stages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kristina","family":"Lo\u017eien\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, \u017dali\u0173j\u0173 E\u017eer\u0173 Str. 47, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jurga","family":"B\u016bdien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Urt\u0117","family":"Vaitiek\u016bnait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, \u017dali\u0173j\u0173 E\u017eer\u0173 Str. 47, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0053-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izolda","family":"Pa\u0161akinskien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botanical Garden, Vilnius University, Kair\u0117n\u0173 43, 10239 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Evans, D., and Trease, G.E. (2009). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, Sanders Ltd, Edinburgh. [16th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takhtajan, A. (2009). Flowering Plants, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9609-9"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Natkevi\u010dait\u0117-Ivanauskien\u0117, M. (1971). Flora of Lithuania, Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ra\u0161omavi\u010dius, V. (2012). Guide to the Inventory of Natural Habitats of EC Importance, Descriptions of Habitats, Characteristic and Typical Species, Their Identification. VI. Forest Habitats, Petro Ofsetas."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Balevi\u010dien\u0117, J., Kizien\u0117, B., Lazdauskait\u0117, \u017d., Patalauskait\u0117, D., Ra\u0161omavi\u010dius, V., Sinkevi\u010dien\u0117, Z., Tu\u010dien\u0117, A., and Venckus, Z. (1998). Vegetation of Lithuania. Meadows, \u0160viesa."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Kuusk, V., Tabaka, L., and Jankevi\u010dien\u0117, R. (1996). Flora of the Baltic Countries, Eesti Loudusfoto AS."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2011). European Medicines Agency. Assessment Report on Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim., Herba and Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim., flos. Eur. Med. Agency, 44, 1\u201318."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2011). European Medicines Agency. Community herbal monograph on Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. (Spiraea ulmaria (L.)), flos. Eur. Med. Agency, 44, 1\u20135."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"85","article-title":"Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. (Meadowsweet): A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology","volume":"9","author":"Farzaneh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharmacogn."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"277","article-title":"Comparative study of the biologically active substances composition and content in meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim) crude herbal drugs (herb, leafs, flowers) of Russian origin","volume":"9","author":"Kovaleva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Qual. Assur."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.11.013","article-title":"Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective activity of Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. and Filipendula vulgaris Moench","volume":"213","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Harman, J.C. (2007). Veterinary Herbal Medicine, Elsevier Inc., Mosby."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.102076","article-title":"Comparative life cycle assessment of phytosterol and meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) oncoprotective functional food ingredients","volume":"50","author":"Miniakhmetova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.11.018","article-title":"Filipendula ulmaria extracts attenuate cisplatin-induced liver and kidney oxidative stress in rats: In vivo investigation and LC-MS analysis","volume":"99","author":"Kretschmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olennikov, D.N., Kashchenko, N.I., and Chirikova, N.K. (2017). Meadowsweet teas as new functional beverages: Comparative analysis of nutrients, phytochemicals and biological effects of four Filipendula species. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22010016"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.09.049","article-title":"The antimicrobial activity of pullulan film incorporated with meadowsweet flower extracts (Filipendulae ulmariae flos) on postharvest quality of apples","volume":"37","author":"Gniewosz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2009.05.005","article-title":"Effect of drying methods on the phenolic constituents of meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and willow (Salix alba)","volume":"42","author":"Harbourne","year":"2009","journal-title":"LWT\u2013Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-101943","article-title":"A first step in the quest for the active constituents in Filipendula ulmaria (Meadowsweet): Comprehensive phytochemical identification by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry","volume":"82","author":"Bijttebier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.10.015","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo assessment of meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) as anti-inflammatory agent","volume":"193","author":"Boroja","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Barnes, J., Anderson, L.A., and Philipson, J.D. (2007). Herbal Medicines, Pharmaceutical Press."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2010.00512.x","article-title":"An evaluation of the effect of a topical product containing salicin on the visible signs of human skin aging","volume":"9","author":"Gopaul","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00edos, J.L. (2015). Essential oils: What They Are and How the Terms Are Used and Defined. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety, Elsevier Inc.. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416641-7.00001-8"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Novel cosmeceuticals from plants\u2014An industry guided review","volume":"7","author":"Amalraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2020). European Pharmacopoeia, Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and HealthCare of the Council of Europe (EDQM). [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"133","article-title":"Componental compound of essential oil from inflorescences of Filipendula ulmaria (L) Maxim in during stages of flowering and fruiting (in Russian)","volume":"11","author":"Zykova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Plant Raw Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun-Blanquet, J. (1964). Pflanzensoziologie, Grundz\u00fcge der Vegetationskunde, Springer. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-8110-2"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2005.02.002","article-title":"Bringing medicinal plants into cultivation: Opportunities and challenges for biotechnology","volume":"23","author":"Canter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Gud\u017einskas, Z. (1999). Vascular Plants in Lithuania, Institute of Botany."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013386921596","article-title":"Regulation of essential oil production in plants","volume":"34","author":"Sangwan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2008.00465.x","article-title":"Litter biomass and nutrient determinants of ant density, nest size, and growth in a Costa Rican Tropical Wet Forest","volume":"41","author":"McGlynn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Bukantis, A. (1994). Lithuanian Climate, Vilnius University."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Bukantis, A. (1994). Extreme Winters in the Baltic Sea Region, Annals of Geography."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-962390","article-title":"Filipendula\u00a0ulmaria","volume":"54","author":"Valle","year":"1988","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-007-0088-z","article-title":"Essential oil of Filipendula hexapetala","volume":"43","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2007.03.022","article-title":"Antimicrobial synergism and antagonism of salicylaldehyde in Filipendula vulgaris essential oil","volume":"78","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.15625\/2525-2518\/56\/4\/12487","article-title":"O-hydroxybenzaldehyde rich leaf essential oil composition of Filipundula vestita Wall ex G. Don from Western Himalaya of Uttrakhand, India","volume":"56","author":"Joshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vietnam. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stawarczyk, K., Chrupek, A., Sekara, A., Gostkowski, M., and Karbarz, M. (2021). Insight into the way the content of biologically active compounds in meadowsweet inflorescences (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.) is shaped by phytosociological habitats. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175172"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Balevi\u010dien\u0117, J. (1991). Syntaxonomo-Phytogeographic Structure of Vegetation in Lithuania, Mokslas."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Meier, U. (2001). Growth Stages of Mono- and Dicotyledonous Plants, BBCH Monograph, Julius K\u00fchn-Institut (JKI)."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectometry, Allured Publishing Corp. [4th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/2\/300\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:03:24Z","timestamp":1760119404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/2\/300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["plants12020300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants12020300","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2223-7747"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]}}}