{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:09:11Z","timestamp":1792199351486,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SLU Grogrund","award":["#slu.ltv.2019.1.1.1-155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#slu.ltv.2019.1.1.1-155"]}]},{"name":"SLU Grogrund","award":["#O-20-23-462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#O-20-23-462"]}]},{"name":"SLU Grogrund","award":["# 2020-01828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 2020-01828"]}]},{"name":"Stiftelsen Lantbruksforskning","award":["#slu.ltv.2019.1.1.1-155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#slu.ltv.2019.1.1.1-155"]}]},{"name":"Stiftelsen Lantbruksforskning","award":["#O-20-23-462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#O-20-23-462"]}]},{"name":"Stiftelsen Lantbruksforskning","award":["# 2020-01828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 2020-01828"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Formas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#slu.ltv.2019.1.1.1-155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#slu.ltv.2019.1.1.1-155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Formas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#O-20-23-462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#O-20-23-462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Formas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# 2020-01828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 2020-01828"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Barley (Hordeul vulgare L.) is the fourth most important cereal crop based on production and cultivated area. Biotic stresses, especially fungal diseases in barley, are devastating, incurring high possibilities of absolute yield loss. Identifying superior and stable yielding genotypes is crucial for accompanying the increasing barley demand. However, the identification and recommendation of superior genotypes is challenging due to the interaction between genotype and environment. Hence, the present investigation was aimed at evaluating the grain yield of different sets of spring barley genotypes when undergoing one of two treatments (no treatment and fungicide treatment) laid out in an alpha lattice design in six to seven locations for five years, through additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), GGE biplot (genotype\u2009+\u2009genotype\u2009X\u2009environment), and stability analysis. The combined analysis of variance indicated that the environment was the main factor that contributed to the variation in grain yield, followed by genotype X environment interaction (GEI) effects and genotypic effects. Ten mega environments (MEs) with five MEs from each of the treatments harboured well-adapted, stable yielding genotypes. Exploiting the stable yielding genotypes with discreet use of the representative and discriminative environments identified in the present study could aid in breeding for the improvement of grain yield in spring barley genotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12040715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T05:29:05Z","timestamp":1675661345000},"page":"715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Delineation of Genotype X Environment Interaction for Grain Yield in Spring Barley under Untreated and Fungicide-Treated Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2801-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishnukiran","family":"Thuraga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23422 Lomma, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrika Dyrlund","family":"Martinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hussh\u00e5llnigss\u00e4llsk\u00e5pet, Borgeby, 23791 Lomma, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-5326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh R","family":"Vetukuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23422 Lomma, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6500-4139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aakash","family":"Chawade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23422 Lomma, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAOSTAT (2022, December 29). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAOSTAT Statistical Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2010.00112.x","article-title":"Barley for brewing: Characteristic changes during malting, brewing and applications of its by-products","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9537-9","article-title":"Brewing with malted barley or raw barley: What makes the difference in the processes?","volume":"103","author":"Kok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/jac.12442","article-title":"Impact of elevated CO2 on two contrasting wheat genotypes exposed to intermediate drought stress at anthesis","volume":"207","author":"Shokat","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agron. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-2444-6","article-title":"Exploring the impacts of climate change and mitigation policies on UK feed barley supply and implications for national and transnational food security","volume":"2","author":"Yawson","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"163","article-title":"Genetic and environmental variation of barley characteristics and the potential of local origin genotypes for food production","volume":"69","author":"Tamm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Latv. Acad. Sciences. Sect. B. Nat. Exact Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1556\/0806.46.2018.046","article-title":"Genotype by environment interaction for grain yield in spring barley using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model","volume":"46","author":"Nowosad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereal Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1993.0011183X003300040004x","article-title":"Genotype-by-environment interactions of barley in the Mediterranean region","volume":"33","author":"Kleijn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-019-2386-5","article-title":"Integrating different stability models to investigate genotype\u00d7 environment interactions and identify stable and high-yielding barley genotypes","volume":"215","author":"Vaezi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"300","article-title":"Identification of stable sources for low phosphorus conditions from groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm accessions using GGE biplot analysis","volume":"81","author":"Ajay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Genet. Plant Breed."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2017.1369529","article-title":"The use of parametric and non-parametric measures for selecting stable and adapted barley lines","volume":"64","author":"Vaezi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Agron. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577911","DOI":"10.3389\/fagro.2020.577911","article-title":"Delineation of genotype\u00d7 environment interaction for identification of stable genotypes to grain yield in mungbean","volume":"2","author":"Samyuktha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Agron."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"138","article-title":"Barley disease and their management: An Indian perspective","volume":"10","author":"Gangwar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wheat Barley Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2002.1980","article-title":"Managing plant disease risk in diversified cropping systems","volume":"94","author":"Krupinsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Turkington, T., and Xi, K. (2018). Integrated Disease Management of Wheat and Barley, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782014005000005","article-title":"Critical yield-point model to estimate damage caused by brown spot and powdery mildew in barley","volume":"44","author":"Agostinetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cienc. Rural."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-204X2014000300002","article-title":"An\u00e1lise conjunta de ensaios de cultivares de milho por classes de intera\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00f3tipo x ambiente","volume":"49","author":"Storck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"35","article-title":"Fungicides performance to control wheat leaf diseases","volume":"8","author":"Casa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Cienc. Agrovet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782013000200008","article-title":"Reaction of wheat cultivars to leaf rust and yellow spot and responsiveness to fungicides\/Reacao de cultivares de trigo a ferrugem da folha e mancha amarela e responsividade a fungicidas","volume":"43","author":"Tormen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cienc. Rural"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"9","article-title":"Os impactos produzidos pelas mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas","volume":"9","author":"Borges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agropecu\u00e1ria Cient\u00edfica Semi\u00e1rido"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.4236\/ajps.2015.69155","article-title":"Adaptability and stability of yield and industrial grain quality with and without fungicide in Brazilian oat cultivars","volume":"6","author":"Wohlenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2019.02.010","article-title":"The impact of fungicide treatment and Integrated Pest Management on barley yields: Analysis of a long term field trials database","volume":"105","author":"Stetkiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2016.03.001","article-title":"Increased yield stability of field-grown winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varietal mixtures through ecological processes","volume":"85","author":"Creissen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.4141\/cjps-2014-364","article-title":"The impact of fungicide and herbicide timing on foliar disease severity, and barley productivity and quality","volume":"95","author":"Turkington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.4141\/P05-169","article-title":"Biplot analysis of multi-environment trial data: Principles and applications","volume":"86","author":"Yan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"5","article-title":"Genotypes performance in relation to drought tolerance in barley using multi-environment trials","volume":"16","author":"Arshadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agron. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4865","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1604_48654878","article-title":"Effect of nitrogen fertilization levels on grain yield and yield components in triticale based on AMMI and GGE biplot analysis","volume":"16","author":"Oral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5219","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1702_52195233","article-title":"Analysis of promising barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines performance by AMMI and GGE biplot in multiple traits and environment","volume":"17","author":"Kendal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.2008.00291.x","article-title":"Crop traits and the tolerance of wheat and barley to foliar disease","volume":"154","author":"Bingham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"121","article-title":"AMMI and GGE biplot analysis of yield performance of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties in multi environment trials","volume":"64","author":"Solonechnyi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poljopr. I Sumar."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"90","article-title":"GGE biplot analysis of multi-environment yield trials in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars","volume":"2","author":"Kendal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ekin J. Crop Breed. Genet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1556\/0806.45.2017.019","article-title":"GGE biplot and AMMI analysis of barley yield performance in Iran","volume":"45","author":"Vaezi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereal Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-204X2009000100007","article-title":"Multivariate analyses of genotype x environment interaction of popcorn","volume":"44","author":"Miranda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2002.1100","article-title":"Biplot analysis of test sites and trait relations of soybean in Ontario","volume":"42","author":"Yan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2006.06.0374","article-title":"GGE biplot vs. AMMI analysis of genotype-by-environment data","volume":"47","author":"Yan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"66","article-title":"GGE biplot analysis for visualization of mean performance and stability for seed yield in taramira at diverse locations in India","volume":"1","author":"Brar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oilseed Brassica"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2004.0310","article-title":"Biplot analysis of genotype by environment interaction for barley yield in Iran","volume":"98","author":"Dehghani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5958\/j.0975-6906.74.1.004","article-title":"Identifying superior feed barley genotypes using GGE biplot for diverse environments in India","volume":"74","author":"Sarkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Genet. Plant Breed."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahriari, Z., Heidari, B., and Dadkhodaie, A. (2018). Dissection of genotype\u00d7 environment interactions for mucilage and seed yield in Plantago species: Application of AMMI and GGE biplot analyses. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196095"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndiaye, M., Adam, M., Ganyo, K.K., Guiss\u00e9, A., Ciss\u00e9, N., and Muller, B. (2019). Genotype-environment interaction: Trade-offs between the agronomic performance and stability of dual-purpose sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes in Senegal. Agronomy, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9120867"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s13353-019-00490-2","article-title":"Genotype by environment interaction using AMMI model and estimation of additive and epistasis gene effects for 1000-kernel weight in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)","volume":"60","author":"Bocianowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s12892-017-0016-0","article-title":"Genotype by environment interactions (GEIs) for barley grain yield under salt stress condition","volume":"20","author":"Elakhdar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crop Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1556\/CRC.42.2014.3.16","article-title":"Assessing the usefulness of GGE biplot as a statistical tool for plant breeders and agronomists","volume":"42","author":"Akinwale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cereal Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-016-2691-5","article-title":"Envirotyping for deciphering environmental impacts on crop plants","volume":"129","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, W., and Kang, M.S. (2002). GGE Biplot Analysis: A Graphical Tool for Breeders, Geneticists, and Agronomists, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420040371"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106665","article-title":"Genotype-by-environment interaction analysis for grain yield of barley genotypes under dryland conditions and the role of monthly rainfall","volume":"245","author":"Ahakpaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Pacheco, A., Vargas, M., Alvarado, G., Rodr\u00edguez, F., Crossa, J., and Burgue\u00f1o, J. (2021, August 23). GEA-R (Genotype \u00d7 Environment Analysis with R for Windows) Version 4.0. CIMMYT Research Software, Mexico. Available online: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11529\/10203."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1961.10482132","article-title":"Non-additivity in two-way analysis of variance","volume":"56","author":"Mandel","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1988.00021962008000030002x","article-title":"Statistical analysis of a yield trial","volume":"80","author":"Zobel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Agron J."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Team, R.C. (2021, August 23). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Available online: https:\/\/cran.microsoft.com\/snapshot\/2014-09-08\/web\/packages\/dplR\/vignettes\/xdate-dplR.pdf."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"De Mendiburu, F. (2021, August 23). Agricolae: Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. R package version 1.1-3. Comprehensive R Arch. Netw. Vienna. Available online: https:\/\/rdrr.io\/cran\/agricolae\/."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/02571862.2000.10634877","article-title":"Genotype x environment interaction of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in South Africa: I. AMMI analysis of yield performance","volume":"17","author":"Purchase","year":"2000","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Plant Soil."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03543351","article-title":"Locating QTLs controlling adaptation in wheat using AMMI model","volume":"31","author":"Farshadfar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cereal Res. Commun."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/4\/715\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:25:33Z","timestamp":1760120733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/4\/715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["plants12040715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants12040715","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]}}}