{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:13:46Z","timestamp":1792790026844,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Emilia Romagna Region (Italy)","award":["I31F18000080009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I31F18000080009"]}]},{"name":"Emilia Romagna Region (Italy)","award":["Fondo di Ateneo per la Ricerca"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fondo di Ateneo per la Ricerca"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007109","name":"University of Ferrara","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I31F18000080009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I31F18000080009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007109","name":"University of Ferrara","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fondo di Ateneo per la Ricerca"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fondo di Ateneo per la Ricerca"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The release of inadequately treated urban wastewater is the main cause of environmental pollution of aquatic ecosystems. Among efficient and environmentally friendly technologies to improve the remediation process, those based on microalgae represent an attractive alternative due to the potential of microalgae to remove nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from wastewaters. In this work, microalgae were isolated from the centrate stream of an urban wastewater treatment plant and a native Chlorella-like species was selected for studies on nutrient removal from centrate streams. Comparative experiments were set up using 100% centrate and BG11 synthetic medium, modified with the same N and P as the effluent. Since microalgal growth in 100% effluent was inhibited, cultivation of microalgae was performed by mixing tap-freshwater with centrate at increasing percentages (50%, 60%, 70%, and 80%). While algal biomass and nutrient removal was little affected by the differently diluted effluent, morpho-physiological parameters (FV\/FM ratio, carotenoids, chloroplast ultrastructure) showed that cell stress increased with increasing amounts of centrate. However, the production of an algal biomass enriched in carotenoids and P, together with N and P abatement in the effluent, supports promising microalgae applications that combine centrate remediation with the production of compounds of biotechnological interest; for example, for organic agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12051027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T01:37:52Z","timestamp":1677202672000},"page":"1027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Enhancing Urban Wastewater Treatment through Isolated Chlorella Strain-Based Phytoremediation in Centrate Stream: An Analysis of Algae Morpho-Physiology and Nutrients Removal Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8710-558X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costanza","family":"Baldisserotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d\u2019Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7860-2720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Demaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d\u2019Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Arcidiacono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d\u2019Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7876-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Ben\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d\u2019Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Giac\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d\u2019Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Marchesini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d\u2019Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5694-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Ferroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d\u2019Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Benetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERA SpA\u2014Direzione Acqua, Via C. Diana, 40, Cassana, 44044 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Zanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERA SpA\u2014Direzione Acqua, Via C. Diana, 40, Cassana, 44044 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Benini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERA SpA\u2014Direzione Acqua, Via C. Diana, 40, Cassana, 44044 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Pancaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d\u2019Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Terra&Acqua Tech Laboratory, Technopole of the University of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 13, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-100809-125342","article-title":"Global Water Pollution and Human Health","volume":"35","author":"Schwarzenbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Burek, P., Satoh, Y., Fischer, G., Kahil, T., Nava Jimenez, L., Scherzer, A., Tramberend, S., Wada, Y., Eisner, S., and Fl\u00f6rke, M. (2016). Water Futures and Solution, IIASA. Available online: https:\/\/pure.iiasa.ac.at\/id\/eprint\/13008\/1\/WP-16-006.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henze, M., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Ekama, G.A., and Brdjanovic, D. (2008). Biological Wastewater Treatment: Principles, Modelling and Design, IWA Publishing.","DOI":"10.2166\/9781780401867"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122489","article-title":"Small-scale phyco-mitigation of raw urban wastewater integrated with biodiesel production and its utilization for aquaculture","volume":"297","author":"Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ekame, G.A., Marais, G.R., Siebritz, I.P., Pitman, A.R., Keay, G.F.P., Buchan, L., Gerber, A., and Smollen, M. (1984). Theory, Design and Operation of Nutrient Removal Activated Sludge Process, University of Cape Town, City-Council of Johannesburg and the National Institute for Water Research of the CSIR."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Beccari, M. (1993). Rimozione di Azoto e Fosforo dai Liquami, Hoepli, U."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.08.012","article-title":"Prospects, recent advancements and challenges of different wastewater streams for microalgal cultivation","volume":"203","author":"Guldhe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, December 28). Europe Directives 91\/271\/EC, Available online: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/eudr\/1991\/271\/contents."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2022, December 28). Europe Directives 98\/15\/EEC, Available online: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/eudr\/1998\/15."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-0577-7","article-title":"Gaps and opportunities in nitrogen pollution policies around the world","volume":"3","author":"Kanter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"025007","article-title":"Policies to combat nitrogen pollution in South Asia: Gaps and opportunities","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2023, February 16). United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA)\u2014National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/npdes."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.06.007","article-title":"Urban wastewater treatment by seven species of microalgae and an algal bloom: Biomass production, N and P removal kinetics and harvestability","volume":"83","author":"Mennaa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.10.074","article-title":"Biological nitrogen removal from sewage via anammox: Recent advances","volume":"200","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaum, C. (2018). Phosphorus: Polluter and Resource of the Future. Removal and Recovery from Wastewater, IWA publishing.","DOI":"10.2166\/9781780408361"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.09.064","article-title":"Integration of algae cultivation as biodiesel production feedstock with municipal wastewater treatment: Strains screening and significance evaluation of environmental factors","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2015.05.011","article-title":"Microalgae cultivation in urban wastewater: Nutrient removal and biomass production for biodiesel and methane","volume":"10","author":"Caporgno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.06.038","article-title":"Performance of Chlorella vulgaris, Neochloris oleoabundans, and mixed indigenous microalgae for treatment of primary effluent, secondary effluent and centrate","volume":"95","author":"AlMomani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101458","article-title":"Centrate grown Chlorella fusca (Chlorophyta): Potential for biomass production and centrate bioremediation","volume":"39","author":"Peralta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135303","article-title":"Cultivating microalgae in wastewater for biomass production, pollutant removal, and atmospheric carbon mitigation; A review","volume":"704","author":"Shahid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-004-1647-x","article-title":"Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae","volume":"65","author":"Pulz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2010.08.035","article-title":"Neochloris oleoabundans grown on anaerobically digested dairy manure for concomitant nutrient removal and biodiesel feedstock production","volume":"35","author":"Levine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-013-1426-3","article-title":"Growth, morphology and photosynthetic responses of Neochloris oleoabundans during cultivation in a mixotrophic brackish medium and subsequent starvation","volume":"36","author":"Baldisserotto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"42","article-title":"Optimizing a municipal wastewater-based Chlorella vulgaris photobioreactor for sequestering athmospheric CO2","volume":"118","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-9290.2010.00293.x","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Urban Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Alternatives","volume":"15","author":"Pasqualino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.01.009","article-title":"The impact of wastewater characteristics, algal species selection and immobilisation on simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal","volume":"31","author":"Kube","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-022-02907-9","article-title":"Bioremediation of organic pollutants: A mini review on current and critical strategies for wastewater treatment","volume":"204","author":"Haripriya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhat, E.A., Dervash, M.A., Hakeem, K.R., and Masoodi, K.Z. (2022). Environmental Biotechnology, Apple Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003277279"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Sayed Touliabah, H., El-Sheekh, M., Ismail, M.M., and El-Kassas, H. (2022). A review of microalgae- and cyanobacteria-based biodegradation of organic pollutants. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27031141"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alprol, A.E., Haneash, A.M.M., Ashour, M., Abualnaja, K.M., Alhashmialameer, D., Mansour, A.T., Sharawy, Z.Z., Abu-Saied, M.A., and Abomohra, A.E.-F. (2021). Potential application of Arthrospira platensis lipid-free biomass in bioremediation of organic dye from industrial textile effluents and its influence on marine rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis). Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14164446"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2022.115360","article-title":"A novel wastewater-derived cascading algal biorefinery route for complete valorization of the biomass to biodiesel and added-value bioproducts","volume":"256","author":"Malik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132114","article-title":"Valorization of wastewater through microalgae as a prospect for generation of biofuel and high-value products","volume":"362","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2016.03.020","article-title":"Performance evaluation of microalgae for concomitant wastewater bioremediation, CO2 biofixation and lipid biosynthesis for biodiesel application","volume":"16","author":"Nayak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-009-8866-7","article-title":"Cultivation of Green Algae Chlorella sp. in Different Wastewaters from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant","volume":"162","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldisserotto, C., Demaria, S., Accoto, O., Marchesini, R., Zanella, M., Benetti, L., Avolio, F., Maglie, M., Ferroni, L., and Pancaldi, S. (2020). Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Thickening Effluent of an Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant by an Isolated Green Microalga. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9121802"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-011-9238-7","article-title":"Cultivating Chlorella sp. in a pilot-scale photobioreactor using centrate wastewater for microalgae production and wastewater nutrient removal","volume":"165","author":"Min","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2009.11.006","article-title":"Lipid accumulation and nutrient removal properties of a newly isolated freshwater microalga, Scenedesmus sp. LX1, growing in secondary effluent","volume":"27","author":"Xin","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.04.038","article-title":"Local bioprospecting for high-lipid producing microalgal strains to be grown on concentrated municipal wastewater for biofuel production","volume":"102","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-2158-z","article-title":"Treatment process and toxicities assessment of wastewater issued from anaerobic digestion of household wastes","volume":"21","author":"Djelal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2015.03.018","article-title":"Production of microalgae using centrate from anaerobic digestion as the nutrient source","volume":"9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2015.08.002","article-title":"Utilization of centrate from wastewater treatment for the outdoor production of Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass at pilot-scale","volume":"12","author":"Ledda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2015.03.004","article-title":"Utilization of centrate for the production of the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana","volume":"9","author":"Riquelme","year":"2015","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shmaefsky, B.R. (2020). Phytoremediation, Springer Nature. Concepts and strategies in plant, sciences.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00099-8"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201A","DOI":"10.1021\/es040504n","article-title":"Recovering sustainable water from wastewater","volume":"38","author":"Levine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-008-9708-x","article-title":"Nitrogen Phytoremediation by Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms)","volume":"194","author":"Fox","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.04.003","article-title":"Microalgae for third generation biofuel production, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and wastewater treatment: Present and future perspectives\u2014A mini review","volume":"78","author":"Maity","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.09.106","article-title":"Isolation and heterotrophic cultivation of mixotrophic microalgae strains for domestic wastewater treatment and lipid production under dark condition","volume":"149","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2022.102597","article-title":"Green microalgal strain Chlorella vulgaris isolated from industrial wastewater with remediation capacity","volume":"28","author":"Rajivgandhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98634-0","article-title":"Indirect assessment of biomass accumulation in a wastewater-based Chlorella vulgaris photobioreactor by pH variation","volume":"11","author":"Otim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-019-01878-7","article-title":"Chlorella sp. growth under batch and fed-batch conditions with effluent recycling when treating the effluent of food waste anaerobic digestate","volume":"31","author":"Nwoba","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2020.381","article-title":"Bioremediation of Ni, Al and Pb by the living cells of a resistant strain of microalga","volume":"82","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.122886","article-title":"Bioremediation of heavy metals using microalgae: Recent advances and mechanisms","volume":"303","author":"Leong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2018.02.033","article-title":"Microalgal growth and nitrate removal efficiency in different cultivation conditions: Effect of macro and micronutrients and salinity","volume":"6","author":"Daneshvar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.12.019","article-title":"Microalgae\u2013A promising tool for heavy metal remediation","volume":"113","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"EcoToxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2015.01.003","article-title":"Impact of heavy metals from flue gas integration with microalgae production","volume":"8","author":"Napan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-011-0019-z","article-title":"Soil metals, chloroplasts, and secure crop production: A review","volume":"32","author":"Solymosi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-018-1294-1","article-title":"Stress-induced changes in the ultrastructure of the photosynthetic apparatus of green microalgae","volume":"256","author":"Gorelova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-022-03848-9","article-title":"More than just lipid balls: Quantitative analysis of plastoglobuli attributes and their stress-related responses","volume":"255","author":"Arzac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2012-0249","article-title":"Management of oxidative stress by microalgae","volume":"91","author":"Cirulis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2020.153114","article-title":"Aluminium triggers oxidative stress and antioxidant response in the microalgae Scenedesmus sp.","volume":"246\u2013247","author":"Ameri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-007-8016-4","article-title":"Exposure of Dunaliella tertiolecta to Lead and Aluminum: Toxicity and Effects on Ultrastructure","volume":"120","author":"Oztay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.07.029","article-title":"Coagulation\/flocculation in dewatering of sludge: A review","volume":"143","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.2175\/106143017X15131012152997","article-title":"Ecotoxicological Analysis of Acrylamide Using a Microalga as an Indicator Organism","volume":"90","author":"Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.03.096","article-title":"The effects of acrylamide polyelectrolytes on aquatic organisms: Relating toxicity to chain architecture","volume":"112","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00610","article-title":"Stresses as First-Line Tools for Enhancing Lipid and Carotenoid Production in Microalgae","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcu113","article-title":"Acclimation of Microalgae to Wastewater Environments Involves Increased Oxidative Stress Tolerance Activity","volume":"55","author":"Osundeko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-013-0531-x","article-title":"Growth and lipid synthesis promotion in mixotrophic Neochloris oleoabundans (Chlorophyta) cultivated with glucose","volume":"251","author":"Giovanardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2016.03.022","article-title":"Photosynthetic aspects and lipid profiles in the mixotrophic alga Neochloris oleoabundans as useful parameters for biodiesel production","volume":"16","author":"Baldisserotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.03.018","article-title":"Nitrogen availability influences phosphorus removal in microalgae-based wastewater treatment","volume":"77","author":"Beuckels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2016.04.003","article-title":"Nitrogen and phosphate removal from wastewater with a mixed microalgae and bacteria culture","volume":"11","author":"Lopes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2016.01.002","article-title":"Phosphorus from wastewater to crops: An alternative path involving microalgae","volume":"34","author":"Solovchenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-019-01831-8","article-title":"Luxury phosphorus uptake in microalgae","volume":"31","author":"Solovchenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Ettl, H., and G\u00e4rtner, G. (1995). Syllabus der Boden-, Luft-, und Flechtenalgen, Gustav Fischer Verlag."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1995.00813.x","article-title":"Species-specific differences of pyrenoids in Chlorella (Chlorophyta)","volume":"31","author":"Ikeda","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2015.1013283","article-title":"Microscopic investigations (LM, TEM and SEM) and identification of Chlorella isolate R-06\/2 from extreme habitat in Bulgaria with strong biological activity and resistance to environmental stress factors","volume":"29","author":"Gartner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldisserotto, C., Gentili, V., Rizzo, R., Di Donna, C., Ardondi, L., Maietti, A., and Pancaldi, S. (2023). Characterization of Neochloris oleoabundans under different cultivation modes and first results on bioactivity of its extracts against HCoV-229E virus. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12010026"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-011-9343-x","article-title":"Revised assignment of room-temperature chlorophyll fluorescence emission bands in single living cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","volume":"43","author":"Ferroni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bioenergy Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-014-0024-6","article-title":"Frequently asked questions about in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence: Practical issues","volume":"122","author":"Kalaji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-005-0062-6","article-title":"How to correctly determine the different chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and the chlorophyll fluorescence decrease ratio R Fd of leaves with the PAM fluorometer","volume":"43","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/09670260600960850","article-title":"Acclimation to darkness in the marine chlorophyte Koliella antarctica cultured under low salinity: Hypotheses on its origin in the polar environment","volume":"42","author":"Ferroni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(11)81192-2","article-title":"The spectral determination of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution","volume":"144","author":"Wellburn","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1139\/f80-106","article-title":"A salicylate\u2013hypochlorite method for determining ammonia in seawater","volume":"37","author":"Bower","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2016.11.015","article-title":"Microalgal cultivation using aquaculture wastewater: Integrated biomass generation and nutrient remediation","volume":"21","author":"Ansari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Algal Res."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/5\/1027\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:41:09Z","timestamp":1760121669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/5\/1027"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["plants12051027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants12051027","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]}}}